MOWR Media Fellowship Program

Lecture by
Er. SV Tandale
Superintending Engineer (Retd).,
Govt. of Maharashtra
Tel. : 020-7651684
Email : soovarta@hotmail.com
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USE OF WATER
AND DISPOSAL
( URBAN AND RURAL )
Objective :
Water is precious to man and therefore World Health Organization
(WHO) refers to ‘control of water supplies to ensure that they are pure
and wholesome’ as one of the primary objectives of environmental
sanitation. Water may be polluted by physical, chemical and bacterial
agents. Therefore, protected water supply is a sine quo non of public
health of a community. The objective of a public protected water
supply system is to supply safe and clean water in adequate quantity,
conveniently and as economically as possible.
Basic Design Considerations :
Projects have to be identified and prepared in adequate detail to
enable timely and properly implementation, considering the Water
Quality and Quantity referring to the present & projected population.
Per Capita Supply :
I ) Basic Needs : Piped water supplies for communities should provide
adequately for the following as applicable :
a) Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing,
flushing of toilets, gardening and individual air conditioning .
b) Institutional Needs
c) Public purposes such as street washing, watering, flushing of
sewers , watering of public parks.
d) Industrial and commercial uses including central air conditioning.
e) Fire fighting
f) Requirement for livestock
g) Likely waste amongst all users
( II ) Factors Affecting Consumption :

a) Size of city – Larger the size, more the consumption.

b) Characteristic of population and standard of living .

c) Industries and Commerce.

d) Climatic Conditions

e) Metering
( III ) Recommendations :
a) Domestic and Non – Domestic Needs :
i) For communities with population less than 20,000
Water supply through
Stand post --------- 40 litre per capita per day ( lpcd )
Details of uses with quantity in litre per capita per day are as under, for
Drinking - 3
Cooking - 5
Cleaning utensils - 7
Latrine / Sanitation - 10
Bathing - 15
40 litre

W.S through house connection ---------------- 70 to 100 lpcd.

ii) For communities with population
20,000 to 1,00,000 – 100 to 150 lpcd
iii) For communities with population
above 1,00,000 – 150 to 200 lpcd
b) Institutional Needs :
Hospitals ,Hotels, Hostels, Nurses’ Homes & medical quarters,
Boarding / Schools College, Restaurants, Air ports & Sea ports,
Junction stations of Railways, Bus stations excess stoppage, Terminal
stations, School, Colleges, Offices, Factories, Cinema, Concert halls
and theatres.
c) Fire Fighting Demand :
A provision in kilolitres per day shall be 100 p where p = population
in thousands.
d) Industrial Needs :
The quantities of water used by industry vary widely. Industrial studies
of the water requirements of a specific industry should, therefore be
made for each location.
e) Pressure Requirements :
Piped water supplies should be designed on continuous 24 hours basis
to distribute water to consumers at adequate pressure at all points.
Intermittent supplies are neither desirable from the public health point
of view nor economical. Minimum residual pressure at ferrule point
should be 7m for direct supply for single storey,12m for double storey,
17m for three storey buildings. The pressure required for fire fighting
will have to be boosted by the engines.
Quality Standards :
The objective of water works management is to ensure that the water
supplied is free from pathogenic organisms clear, palatable and free
from undesirable taste and odour of reasonable temperature, neither
corrosive nor scale forming and free from minerals which could
produce undesirable physiological effects. The establishment of
minimum standards of quality for public water supply is of
fundamental importance in achieving this objective. Standards of
quality from the yardstick within which the quality control of any
public water supply has to be assessed.
The evolution of standards for the quality control of public water
supplies has to take into account the limitations imposed by local
factors in the several regions of the country.
The following standards are prescribed.
a) Physical & Chemical quality of drinking water.
b) Bacteriological quality of drinking water.
c) Virological quality of drinking water .
 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
The origin of all sources of water is RAINFALL.
i ) Surface Waters :
Lakes, Ponds, Impounding Reservoirs, Rivers, Natural Water
Courses, Irrigation Canals, Sea Water & Waste Water Reclamation.
Sewage or other waste waters of the community may be utilized for
non domestic purposes such as water for cooling , flushing lawns ,
parks etc, fire fighting and for certain industrial purposes , after giving
the necessary treatment to suit the nature of use .
ii) Ground Water :
a ) General : Rain water percolating into the ground and reaching
permeable layers ( AQUIFERS ) in the zone of saturation constitute
ground water source .
b ) Spring : The discharge of a spring depends on the nature and
size of catchment, recharge and leakage through the subsurface .
(a)
A: ASSESSMENT OF THE YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT OF
A:

THE SOURCE
A correct assessment of the capacity of the source investigated is
necessary to decide on its DEPENDABILITY for the water supply
project in view . The incidence and the intensity of rainfall , the run off
from a given catchment and the actual gauged flows in streams are the
main factors in estimating the safe yield from any source .
URBAN & RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
The source of water supply with its quality analysis plays important
role of various unit of works as under.
1 ) Head Works :
Intake wells, Supply wells, Infiltration galleries, Connecting mains,
Jack well & Pump house etc. near the source of water supply at
suitable place.
2 ) Pumping Machinery & Installation :
Normally raw water is to be lifted at suitable place away from the
source of water for treatment or further distribution of the water.
3A:A:) Transmission Mains :
These are normally designed with reference to the quantity and
quality of water to be pumped. The following type of pipes are
popularly used in public water supply systems in urban and rural
areas.
Cast Iron Pipes ( C.I. )
Ductile – Iron Pipes ( D. I. )
M.S. Pipes – Inlining and out coating with cement concrete
R.C.C. pipes
Prestressed Concrete Pipes
Asbestos Cement Pipes
Rigid P.V.C. Pipes ( Polyvinyl Chloride )
Polyethelene Pipes – Low Density ( L.D.P.E )
High Density ( H.D.P.E )
 Fibre Glass Pipes
Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipes
Fibre Reinforced Plastic pipes
4A:)
A: Water Treatment Plant / Methods :
Normally for Ground Water Sources W.S. system do not require
sophisticated water treatment as required in the surface water source.

AIM :
To improve the raw water quality to the drinking water standards and
stop water borne transmission of epidemics.

METHOD OF TREATMENT :
Depends on the nature of source and its water quality.
SUB. SURFACE SOURCE :
Generally chlorination will be sufficient except where iron is present.
SURFACE SOURCE :
Aeration ( if required ), pre. Chlorination ( optional ), sedimentation
either plain or with coagulation and flocculation, filtration and post –
chlorination.
AERATION
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a. To remove objectionable tastes and odours.
b. For expulsion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide.
c. To precipitate iron and manganese present in ferrous and
manganeous state
d. For increasing the dissolved oxygen content of water.
PRE – CHLORINATION :
a. To prevent algal growth in raw water.
b. For destruction of some taste odour producing compounds.
c. For oxidation of iron , manganese and hydrogen sulphide.
d. For aid coagulation.
PLAIN SEDIMENTATION :
a. To separate suspended impurities from water by gravitation.
b. Detension time of one to several days for sedimentation without
subsequent filtration.
c. 3 to 4 hours for sedimentation in conjunction with filters.
A:
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CHEMICAL DOSING :
a. For coagulation, flocculation.
b. Disinfection and softening.
c. Algal and corrosion control.
d. For fluoridisation.
FLASH MIXING :
a. To disperse the coagulant evenly in the water.
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION :
The addition of a coagulant like alum promotes the formation of
micro flocs which are the nucleii for the absorption of turbidity and
colour causing particles . During flocculation the micro floc particles
formed during rapid mixing are brought together to aggregate into
larger rapidly settleable flocs by controlled agitation of water.
FILTRATION :
a. To separate the suspended and colloidal impurities in the water.
b. To produce sparkling and aesthetically attractive water free from
disease producing organisms.
Filters

Grannular Media Water Filters Diatomaceous Earth Filter

Slow Sand Rapid Sand

Gravity Pressure

Declining Rate Constant Rate

BACK WASH :
To clean the filtres periodically as and when required by clean water
with gravity or pressure.
POST CHLORINATION :
For disinfection of potable water by the use of gaseous chlorine or
chlorine compounds to destroy bacteria through the germicidal effects
of chlorine may be done at head works / treatment works and
supplemented by additional chlorination in loose pockects of
distribution system.
STORAGE :
a. For buffering fluctuating demands.
b. For emergency storage.
c. For fire fighting.
d. For increasing supply pressures at remote points.
e. For equalising pressure in distribution system.
f. For equalising head on pumps.
g. For acting as relief valve.

The various water sources are to be analysed chemically,

bacteriologically and the water treatment methods are proposed. The
cost varies with the number of units proposed for effective treatment of
raw water to conform to the standards of water for USE.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :
Pipes system should be designed on a continuous 24 hours supply
basis for supplying the ultimate requirements of water at the
minimum residual pressures for the peak demand. Various controlling
and safety devices are necessary in the system such as Sluice valves,
Air valves, Scour valves etc. The purpose of the distribution system is
to convey wholesome water to the community / consumer at adequate
residual pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient points. Water
distribution usually accounts for 40 to 70 % of the capital cost of
water supply system.

1) Continuous system of W.S.

2) Intermittent system of W.S.
3) House service connections
4) Public Stand Post Basis
 METHODS FOR DEMAND REDUCTION
& SUPPLY AUGMENTATION :
Preventive maintenance of water distribution system pipelines assures
the twin objectives of preserving the hygienic quality of water in the
distribution mains and providing conditions for adequate flow through
the pipelines.
WASTE ASSESSMENT AND DETECTION :
Waste may be caused due to leakage from reservoirs and treatment
plant which cannot be accounted for, by the normal metering and can
be as high as 40 % . Pilot studies in a few cities in the country reveal
that wastage in the mains alone can be 15 to 25 %.
A systematic waste and leakage survey and detection, followed by
prompt corrective action is of importance in bringing about a
reduction in wastage.
Corrective actions to augment the supply from pipe lines are
i) Flushing ii) Swabbing
 SANITATION PROJECTS

The objective of a public waste water collection and disposal system is

to ensure sewage or excreta and sullage discharged from communities
is property collected, transported , treated to the required degree and
finally disposed of without causing any health or environmental
problems. Waste water disposed systems can either be on site type or
the kind where water - borne waste are disposed off site into a water
body or on land. To keep overall costs down, most urban systems
today are planned as an optimum mix of the two types depending on
various factors.
In designing waste water collection, treatment and disposal systems ,
planning generally begins from the final disposal point going
backwards to give an integrated and optimum design to suit the
topography and the available hydraulic head, supplemented by
pumping it essential. Once the disposal points are tentatively selected,
further design is guided by the following basic design considerations;
Engineering Environmental
Process Cost
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Sewage treatment processes may be generally classified as primary, secondary
and tertiary . The general yardstick of evaluating the performance of sewage
treatment plants is the degree of reduction of Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) , Suspended Solids (SS) and Total Coliforms . The efficiency of a
treatment plant depends not only on proper design and construction but also on
good operation and maintenance .
Expected Efficiencies of Various Treatment Units :-
Process Percentage Reduction SS
BODTotal
Coliforms
1. Primary Treatment (Sedimentation) 45-60 30.45 40.60
2. Chemical Treatment 60-80 45.65 60.90
3. Secondary Treatment
i)Standard Tridding Filters 75-85 70.90 80-90
ii)High rate tridding Filters
a)Single Stage 75.85 75.80 80.90
b)Two Stage 90.95 90.95 90.60
iii) Activated Sludge Plants 85-90 85.95 90.96
iv) a ) Stabilisation ponds (Single Cell) 80.90 90.95 90.95
b) Stabilization ponds ( Two Cell) 90.95 95.97 95.98
Tertiary treatment is adopted when reuse of effluent for industrial purposes is
contemplated or when circumstances dictate the requirement of higher quality
effluents .
 Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Urban and Rural
Areas
Steps :-
1) Project Preparation .
2) Preparation of Detailed Project Report with cost estimation of various
works.
3) Administration and Technical Sanctions for the projects from
appropriate authorities with financial patterns for Popular
Contribution, Grant – in – aid from state and Central Govt., and Loans
from various Financial institutions such as LIC, HUDCO, NABARD,
World Bank etc .
4) Implementation Programme
a) Preparation of Schedule of works
b) Draft Tender Papers .
c) NIT – Advertising in newspapers etc .
d) Receipt of offers from agencies .
e) Actual Execution of Works .
f) Completion & Handing Over .
5) Operation & Maintenance – Cost .
6) Financial Implications : - Tax Recovery .
 URBAN & RURAL W.S. & SANITATION PROJECTS
There are broadly following stages of urban and rural W.S. &
Sanitation Projects in Public Sector . At every stage the PEOPLE’S
PARTICIPATION is necessary for the SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT .
I) Planning :
Proposals are to be made as per the requirement of the community
with various alternatives considering the economics of the projects
and affordability by the COMMUNITY.
II)Implementation :
The role of the Govt. shall be as a FACILITATOR with the v
capacity building of Local Authorities . It will develop the
feeling of OWNERSHIP.
III) Operation & Maintenance :
The W.S. & Sanitation projects are maintained effectively aiming at
the Health Improvement of the community which will in turn be a
“SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT”. Proper water charges (taxes)
should be fixed and effectively recovered for optimum use of the
project during the designed period.
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