Hydro Power Plant

Hydro-Electric Power Station
Introduction: Hydro Power station

A hydro power station uses potential energy of water at high level for generating electrical energy.
This power station is generally located in hilly areas where dams can be built conviniently and large
water reservoirs can be obtained. This kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts
of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as peak load power stations.
This is because they can be started and stopped easily and fast.
Operation
The water from the dam is lead to the water turbine through the penstock. Here the hydraulic energy
of water is converted to rotational mechanical energy by the turbine. The turbine is connected to the
generator through the turbine shaft and hence mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
by the generator.
Future generations will want to depend more on this type of electricity generating power station
(and other renewable energy sources), due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels(Coal). There are
a number of construction projects currently underway for this kind of power station around the
world.
© 2012 Department of Electrical Engineering 10EL Mehran University of Engineering & Technology
Reservoir:
This is where water is stored for use as and when needed. The type and arrangement depends on
topography of the site.
Penstock:
This is a conduit (conduits) that carry water to the turbines. They are made of reinforced concrete or
steel. A surge tank is installed next to each penstock for over flow control and protection of penstock
from bursting.
Water turbine:
Water turbines are used to convert hydraulic energy of flowing water into rotational mechanical energy.
Figure 3 is an example of the make of a typical water turbine.
Generator:
This machine is used to convert rotational mechanical energy transferred from the turbine through the
shaft, into electrical energy. the produced electrical energy is transmitted to the transformer for long
distance transmission.
Traditionally, a penstock is an enclosed pipe that brings water into a mill for use in a waterwheel or
turbine.
For hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or reservoir fitted between the
main storage reservoir and the power house (as close to the power house as possible).
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium-head plants when there is a considerable distance
between the water source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the
surge tank are 1.When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2.When the
load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank.
In short, the surge tank controls pressure variations due to rapid changes in velocity of water.
Diversion
A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river,
facility channels a portion of a river through
a canal or penstock. It may not require the
use of a dam.
Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Once water passes through penstock & Water is re-used by pumping and generative action
turbine, it is released into the river of the scheme.
Can be used for irrigation & flood control Can be used for pumping water from readly
available areas to areas in need of water
Can still be used as base load station can not be used as base load station as it can only
generate for limited hours
Advantages Disadvantages
Requires no fuel, thus called clean power Very high capital cost for dam construction
station
Small running charges and no need for Uncertainty about availability of huge amounts of
specialised manpower water
Simple construction & requires less Skilled personel required for construction
maintenance
Very robust & has long life High cost of transmission line as plant is located
in hilly areas.
Also used for flood control and irrigation
Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Facilities range in size from large power plants
that supply many consumers with electricity to
small and micro plants that individuals operate
for their own energy needs or to sell power to
utilities.
Large Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines large
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of
more than 30 megawatts.
Small Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of
100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
Micro Hydropower
A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to
100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric
power system can produce enough electricity for
a home, farm, ranch, or village.
Pumped storage schemes are a convenient way of storing large quantities of
energy which can be used during emergency or peaking times.
Operation:
During off-Peak hours, the plant draws electric energy from the electrical grid &
uses that to pump water to the upper reservoir.
When Peak time comes, the water from the upper reservoir is released & electric
energy is generated in the lower reservoir. This cycle is repeated daily.
By their nature, pumped storage schemes cannot be used as base load power
stations. These are strictly used for peak time supply as they can be brought on-
line quickly.
Hubco= 1,200 MW plant is located 60 km from Karachi in Hub. The electricity at HUBCO is
generated by four 323 megawatt oil-fired units that are supplied by a 78km long pipeline from
Pakistan State Oil
Kotaddu (KAPCO)= produces 1,600 MW of electricity

Orient Energy Systems= 450MW
485 feet (148 m) high above the riverbed
Catchment area168,000 km2Surface area250 km2
Tarbela DamTurbines10 x 175 MW, 4 x 432
MWInstalled capacity3478 MWMaximum
capacity4200 MW
Mangla Dam=1000
Ghazi-Barotha
Kala-Bagh
Diamer-Bhasha
Head Qadirabad
Akhorri
Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Once water passes through penstock & Water is re-used by pumping and generative action
turbine, it is released into the river of the scheme.
Can be used for irrigation & flood control Can be used for pumping water from readly
available areas to areas in need of water
Can still be used as base load station can not be used as base load station as it can only
generate for limited hours
Advantages Disadvantages
Requires no fuel, thus called clean power Very high capital cost for dam construction
station
Small running charges and no need for Uncertainty about availability of huge amounts
specialised manpower of water
Simple construction & requires less Skilled personel required for construction
maintenance
Very robust & has long life High cost of transmission line as plant is
located in hilly areas.
Also used for flood control and irrigation
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How does a hydroelectric power station generate electricity?

What are the main components of a hydroelectric power station?

Hydro-Electric Power Station

Introduction: Hydro Power station

Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Kotaddu (KAPCO)= produces 1,600 MW of electricity

Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

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