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    Criteria For Contrast

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    Dessy Fitriyani
    This document discusses criteria for determining contrastive phonemes in a language. It introduces minimal pairs as a test to see if sounds are contrastive. It also discusses other criteria like phonetic similarity, defective distribution, free variation, neutralization, the archiphoneme, problems with the archiphoneme, relationships between phonology and morphology, expressing rules as constraints, and viewing phonemes as bundles of features rather than smallest units. The document provides examples to illustrate each of these concepts in phonological analysis.

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    Criteria For Contrast

    Uploaded by

    Dessy Fitriyani
    696 views13 pages
    This document discusses criteria for determining contrastive phonemes in a language. It introduces minimal pairs as a test to see if sounds are contrastive. It also discusses other criteria like phonetic similarity, defective distribution, free variation, neutralization, the archiphoneme, problems with the archiphoneme, relationships between phonology and morphology, expressing rules as constraints, and viewing phonemes as bundles of features rather than smallest units. The document provides examples to illustrate each of these concepts in phonological analysis.

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    Phonolgy

    Original Title

    Criteria for Contrast

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    This document discusses criteria for determining contrastive phonemes in a language. It introduces minimal pairs as a test to see if sounds are contrastive. It also discusses other criteria like phonetic similarity, defective distribution, free variation, neutralization, the archiphoneme, problems with the archiphoneme, relationships between phonology and morphology, expressing rules as constraints, and viewing phonemes as bundles of features rather than smallest units. The document provides examples to illustrate each of these concepts in phonological analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    696 views13 pages

    Criteria For Contrast

    Uploaded by

    Dessy Fitriyani
    This document discusses criteria for determining contrastive phonemes in a language. It introduces minimal pairs as a test to see if sounds are contrastive. It also discusses other criteria like phonetic similarity, defective distribution, free variation, neutralization, the archiphoneme, problems with the archiphoneme, relationships between phonology and morphology, expressing rules as constraints, and viewing phonemes as bundles of features rather than smallest units. The document provides examples to illustrate each of these concepts in phonological analysis.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    CRITERIA FOR CONTRAST:

    THE PHONEME SYSTEM


    Created by: GROUP 4 CLASS: PBI 1
    Ahmad Setiawan
    Ainun Saskiyah
    Andry Rama Kusuma
    Dessy Fitriyani
    MINIMAL PAIRS
    The examples:
    cat – bat
    wide – wise
    ride – road
    kite – night
    take - steak

    A test to determine whether sounds are


    contrastive or not.
    PHONETIC SIMILARITY

    additional criterion for allophony states that all the allophones


    of a phoneme must be phonetically similar.

    [h] and [ŋ], this produces an unambiguous result: both are


    Example:
    consonants, but there the similarity ends
    DEFECTIVE
    DISTRIBUTION

    Phonemes are not only restricted in the


    combinations of consonants they can form, but are
    simply absent from some positions in the word.

    For example:
    [h] occurs syllable-initially
    [ŋ] occurs only syllable-finally

    English [h] and [ŋ] are in complementary


    distribution
    FREE VARIATION

    There is more than one possible pronunciation


    in the same word or context
    depending on
    circumstances and Tomahto (SBE speakers)
    situations Tomayto (NA speakers)

    Doesn’t require
    Require complementary
    complementary
    distribution
    distribution
    NEUTRALISATION

    Examples: A case where phoneme


    still *sdill opposition is lost in a
    skill *sgill particular environment
    spill *sbill
    THE
    ARCHIPHONEME

    The unit found in a position of neutralization is symbolised by a capital


    letter, and is composed of all the properties which the neutralised
    phonemes have in common, but not the properties which typically
    distinguish them
    TWO PROBLEMS
    OF
    ARCHIPHONEME

    Representation like /mEri/ is three ways The archiphoneme cannot really be


    ambiguous for a General American invoked:
    speaker: cats, caps, chiefs, where the final
    Mary, merry or marry sound of the stem is voiceless
    PHONOLOGY AND
    MORPHOLOGY

    The part of linguistics which studies how words are made up


    of meaningful units, like stems and suffixes, although the
    overlap between the two areas, commonly known as
    morphophonemics
    RULES AND CONSTRAINTS

    Phonologists working in Optimality Theory express all


    phonological generalisations using constraints

    ASPIRATION: Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially


    Examples:
    *s [b d ɡ] There are no sequences of [s] plus a voiced stop
    THE PHONEME SYSTEM

    The introduction of features reveals phonemes, not as the


    ultimate, smallest unit of the phonology, but as cover-
    symbols for a range of properties.
    THANKS

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