Microcontroller

8051
 Contents:
Introduction
Block Diagram and Pin Description of the 8051
Registers
Memory mapping in 8051
Stack in the 8051
Timer
Interrupt
 Why do we need to learn
Microprocessors/controllers?

 The microprocessor is the core of

computer systems.
 Nowadays many communication, digital
entertainment, portable devices, are
controlled by them.
 A designer should know what types of
components he needs, ways to
reduce production costs and product
reliable.
 Different aspects of a
microprocessor/controller

 Hardware :Interface to the real world



 Software :order how to deal with inputs


Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor

Microcontroller
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM, •CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are timer are all on a single chip
separate •fix amount of on-chip ROM,
 designer can decide on the RAM, I/O ports
amount of ROM, RAM •for applications in which cost,
and I/O ports. power and space are critical
 expansive
•single-purpose
 versatility

 general-purpose


 Microcontroller Families
 68H12: Motorola 68H11, 68HC12, …
 8051: Intel 8051, 8052, 80251,…
 PIC: Microchip PIC16F628, 18F452, 16F877, …
 AVR: Atmel ATmega128, ATtiny28L,
AT90S8515,…


 We a re g o in g t o lo o k a t
8051s

UBC 104 Embedded Systems 6

Tasks for Microcontroller
 Controlling of processes (autonomic)
 e.g. speed of vehicles, chemical processes

 Control of devices through human
operator
 e.g. remote control, etc



UBC 104 Embedded Systems 7

Embedded System
 Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that
application.
 An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to
do one task only.
 In an embedded system, there is only one application software that
is typically burned into ROM.
 Example ： printer, keyboard, video game player
 Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost

effectively
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O
ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption
• easy to upgrade
• cost per unit
2. availability of software development tools
• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,
technical support
3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.
 Block Diagram
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrupt On-chip Timer 1 Counter
program
Control RAM Inputs
code Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports Port
OSC Control

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0
P1.2 3 38 )P0.1(AD1)
P1.3 4 37 P0.2(AD2
P1.4 5 8051 36 )P0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 (8031) 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14
(T1)P3.5 15 26 )P2.5(A13
(WR)P3.6 16 25 )P2.4(A12
(RD)P3.7 17 24 )P2.3(A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8) 
 Pins of 8051 （ 1/4 ）

 Vcc （ pin 40 ）：
 Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
 The voltage source is +5V.
 GND （ pin 20 ）： ground
 XTAL1 and XTAL2 （ pins 19,18 ）

 Figure (a). XTAL Connection to 8051

§Using a quartz crystal oscillator

§We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.

C2
XTAL2
30pF

C1
XTAL1
30pF

GND


 Pins of 8051 （ 2/4 ）

 RST （ pin 9 ）： reset

 It is an input pin and is active high （ normally
low ） .
 The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine
cycles.
 It is a power-on reset.
 Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the
microcontroller will reset and all values in
registers will be lost.
 Reset values of some 8051 registers 
 Pins of 8051 （ 3/4 ）

 /EA （ pin 31 ）： external access

 There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
 The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code
is stored externally.
 /PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.
 For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
 “/” means active low.
 /PSEN （ pin 29 ）： program store enable
 This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of
the ROM.
 Pins of 8051 （ 4/4 ）

 ALE （ pin 30 ）： address latch enable

 It is an output pin and is active high.
 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
 The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the
address and data by connecting to the G pin of
the 74LS373 latch.
 I/O port pins
 The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
 Each port uses 8 pins.
 All I/O pins are bi-directional.
 Pins of I/O Port

 The 8051 has four I/O ports

 Port 0 （ pins 32-39 ）： P0 （ P0.0 ～ P0.7 ）
 Port 1 （ pins 1-8 ） ： P1 （ P1.0 ～ P1.7 ）
 Port 2 （ pins 21-28 ）： P2 （ P2.0 ～ P2.7 ）
 Port 3 （ pins 10-17 ）： P3 （ P3.0 ～ P3.7 ）
 Each port has 8 pins.
 Named P0.X （ X=0,1,...,7 ） , P1.X, P2.X,
P3.X
 Ex ： P0.0 is the bit 0 （ LSB ） of P0
 Ex ： P0.7 is the bit 7 （ MSB ） of P0
 These 8 bits form a byte.
 Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).

 Other Pins
 P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
 P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.
 P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not
connects to Vcc inside the 8051.
 P0 is open drain.
 Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X. 
 However, for a programmer, it is the same to
program P0, P1, P2 and P3.
 All the ports upon RESET are configured as output.
 Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc
10 K

P0.0
DS5000 P0.1

Port 0
P0.2
8751 P0.3
8951 P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
 Registers
A

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers of

the 8051
Port 3 Alternate Functions
P3 Bit Function Pin

P3.0 RxD 10
P3.1 TxD 11
P3.2 INT0 12
P3.3 INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 WR 16
P3.7 RD 17 
 Memory mapping in 8051

 ROM memory map in 8051 family

4k 8k 32k
0000H 0000H 0000H

0FFFH
DS5000-32

1FFFH
8751
AT89C51
8752
AT89C52 7FFFH

from Atmel Corporation

from Dallas Semiconductor
 RAM memory spaceallocation in the8051

7FH

Scratch pad RAM

30H

2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM

20H
1FH Register Bank 3
18H
17H
Register Bank 2
10H
0FH (Stack) Register Bank 1
08H
07H
Register Bank 0
00H
 Interrupts
 Definition of ‘Interrupt’


 Event that disrupts the normal

execution of a program and causes the
execution of special instructions

UBC 104 Embedded Systems 24

 Interrupts

Interrupt

Program Program

Interrupt Service Routine

time t

UBC 104 Embedded Systems 25

 Interrupt Handling
Address space in code
space

 Code that deals with

interrupts: Interrupt
Handler or Interrupt
Service Routines (ISRs)


UBC 104 Embedded Systems 26

 Interrupt Overheads
Interrupt arrives
Complete current instruction

Save essential register information Interrupt

Vector to ISR
Latency
Save additional register information

Execute body of ISR



Restore other register information

Return from interrupt and restore essential
Interrupt
 registers Termination
Resume task

UBC 104 Embedded Systems 27

 Timer
 A timer is a counter that
is increased with
every time an
instruction is
executed e.g. 8051
with 12MHz
increases a counter
every 1.000 µs
 Timer/Counter Mode Control Register TMOD

 General 8051 has 3

timer:
 2 16-bit timer
Timer/Counter Control Register TCON
 1 16-bit timer
with extra-
functionality
(introduced
with the 8052)
UBC 104 Embedded Systems 28
 
Summary:
Definition of ‘Interrupt’:
Interrupts
 Event that disrupts the normal
execution of a program and
Level-triggered
causes the execution of special
instructions threshold

t
trigger point
 Handling can be
enabled/disabled
 Prioritized Edge-triggered
 Internal or External
 External Interrupts:
 Level-triggered
t
 Edge-triggered trigger point
 8051: 3 timer interrupts, 2
external interrupts & a serial
port interrupt

UBC 104 Embedded Systems 29