CH1 - Water Flow in Pipes
CH1 - Water Flow in Pipes
CH1 - Water Flow in Pipes
Engineering Hydraulics
2nd semester 2010-2011
CHAPTER 1:
Water Flow in Pipes 1
Description of A Pipe Flow
2
Description of A Pipe Flow
• Pipe Flow: refers to a full water flow in a closed
conduits or circular cross section under a certain
pressure gradient.
5
Types of Flow
6
Types of Flow
Examples:
The flow through a long uniform pipe diameter at a
constant rate is steady uniform flow.
Transitional flow
The flow occurs between laminar and turbulent flow
8
Types of Flow
Reynolds Experiment
Reynolds performed a very carefully prepared pipe flow
experiment.
9
Increasing
flow
velocity
10
Types of Flow
Reynolds Experiment
• Reynold found that transition from laminar to turbulent
flow in a pipe depends not only on the velocity, but only
on the pipe diameter and the viscosity of the fluid.
VD VD
Inertial Forces
NR
Viscous Forces
VD VD
NR
where V: mean velocity in the pipe [L/T]
D: pipe diameter [L]
: density of flowing fluid [M/L3]
: dynamic viscosity [M/LT]
: kinematic viscosity [L2/T]
12
Types of Flow
13
Types of Flow
It has been found by many experiments that for flows in
circular pipes, the critical Reynolds number is about 2000
14
Types of Flow
Laminar Vs. Turbulent flows
15
Types of Flow
Example 1
40 mm diameter circular pipe carries water at 20oC.
Calculate the largest flow rate (Q) which laminar flow can
be expected.
D 0.04m
1106 at T 20o C
VD V (0.04)
NR 2000 2000 V 0.05m / sec
110 6
Q V . A 0.05 (0.04) 2 6.28 10 5 m 3 / sec
4
16
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
2- potential energy.
3- pressure energy.
2 2 Bernoulli Equation
V1 P1 V2 P2
h1 h2 Energy per unit weight of water
2g 2g
OR: Energy Head
17
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
18
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
2
V2 P2
H2 h2
2g
Example
20
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
Example
In the figure shown:
Where the discharge through the system is 0.05 m3/s, the total losses through
the pipe is 10 v2/2g where v is the velocity of water in 0.15 m diameter pipe,
the water in the final outlet exposed to atmosphere.
21
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
0.05
V Q
2.83m / s
4 0.15
A 2
0.05
V Q
6.366m / s
4 0.10
A 2
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
0 0 (h 5) 0
6.366
2
20
102.83
2
2 * 9.81 2 * 9.81
h 21.147 m 22
Energy Head in Pipe Flow
Without calculation sketch the (E.G.L) and (H.G.L)
23
Basic components of a typical pipe system
24
Calculation of Head (Energy) Losses
In General:
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some
resistance due to which some of energy (head) of fluid is lost.
Energy Losses
(Head losses)
26
Losses of Head due to Friction
• Energy loss through friction in the length of pipeline is
commonly termed the major loss hf
• This is the loss of head due to pipe friction and to the viscous
dissipation in flowing water.
• Several studies have been found the resistance to flow in a
pipe is:
- Independent of pressure under which the water flows
- Linearly proportional to the pipe length, L
- Inversely proportional to some water power of the pipe diameter D
- Proportional to some power of the mean velocity, V
- Related to the roughness of the pipe, if the flow is turbulent
27
Losses of Head due to Friction
Energy Head & Head loss in pipe flow
28
Major losses formulas
Several formulas have been developed in the past. Some
of these formulas have faithfully been used in various
hydraulic engineering practices.
1. Darcy-Weisbach ( f )
2. Hazen-William (CHW)
3. Manning (n)
4. The Chezy Formula
5. The Strickler Formula
29
Major losses formulas
The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of:
30
Major losses formulas
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
2 2
Where:
L V 8f LQ f is the friction factor
hL f
D 2 g g D5 2 L is pipe length
D is pipe diameter
Q is the flow rate
hL is the loss due to friction
It is conveniently expressed in terms of velocity (kinetic) head in the pipe
VD VD e ks
f F Re , F , F ,
D D D Re N R
32
Major losses formulas
For turbulent flow ( NR > 4000 ) with e/D > 0.0, the friction factor
can be founded from:
• Th.von Karman formulas:
1 NR f
2 log
2.51
f
1 D
2 log 3.7 for N R 105
f e
• Colebrook-White Equation for f
1 e 2.51
0.86 ln
f 3.7 D N R f
33
Major losses formulas
There is some difficulty in solving this equation
So, Miller improve an initial value for f , (fo)
2
e 5.74
f o 0.25log 0.9
3.7 D N R
4 103 N R 1108
The value of fo can be use directly as f if: 6
110 e D 110- 2
There are other Equation such as Karman Equation see Text book 2 34
Friction Factor f
The thickness of the laminar sublayer decrease with an increase in NR
e
transitionally
2 log10
rough 1 D 2.51
e
f 3.7 N R f
pipe wall 0.08e ' 1.7e
Colebrook formula
turbulent flow
f independent of NR
rough
NR > 4000
e 1 D
0.08e
' 2 log10 3.7
f e 35
pipe wall
Moody diagram
A convenient chart was prepared by Lewis F. Moody and
commonly called the Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe flow,
There are 4 zones of pipe flow in the chart:
37
Moody diagram
Transition
Laminar
critical
• Colebrook formula
is valid for the entire nonlaminar range (4000 <
Re < 108) of the Moody chart
1 e/ D 2.51
2 log
f 3.7 Re f
39
Moody diagram
Bonus:
Find the theoretical formulation for friction
factor for laminar flow.
64
f
Re
40
Absolute roughness
Typical values of the absolute roughness (e) are given
41
Absolute roughness
Materials Roughness
42
Problems (head loss)
Type 2:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
Type 3:
Given the kind of pipe, the head loss and flow rate size of pipe ?
43
Problems type I (head loss)
44
Example 2
The water flow in Asphalted cast Iron pipe (e = 0.12mm) has a diameter 20cm
at 20oC. Is 0.05 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
0.05m 3 /s
V 1.59m/s
π/4 0.2 m
2 2
T 20o C υ 1.0110 6 m 2 /s
e 0.12mm
e 0.12mm
0.0006 Moody f = 0.018
D 200mm
VD 1.59 0.2
NR 314852 3.15 10 5
1.0110 6
L V2 1,000 m 1.59
2
hf f 0.018
D 2g
0.20 m 2 9.81 m/s
2
45
11.55 m
Example 3
The water flow in commercial steel pipe (e = 0.045mm) has a diameter 0.5m
at 20oC. Q=0.4 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
Q 0.4
V 2.037 m / s
A 0.52
4
497 10 6 497 10 6
1.006 10 6
1.006 10 6
e 0.045 5
9 10
D 0.5 103
Moody
f 0.013
2
1000 2.037
h f 0.013 5.5 m / km 46
0.5 2 9.81
Example 3-cont.
Use other methods to solve f
1 ks 2.51
1- Cole brook 0.86 ln
3.7 D R f
f e
2 2
k s D 5.74 9 10 5 5.74
f o 0.25log 0.9 0.25log 0.01334
3.7 Re 3.7 1.012 10 6 0.9
1 9 10 5 2.51
0.86 ln
0.01334 3.7 Re 0.01334
8.66 8.678
2
1000 2.037
h f 0.01334 5.5 m / km
0.5 2 9.81 47
Example 3-cont.
1 D
2 log 3.71
f
1 500
2 log 3.71
f 0.045
f 0.012 0.01334last solution
48
Problems type II (head loss)
49
Method for solution of Type 2 problems
50
51
52
53
Example 4:
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Example 5:
Cast iron pipe (e = 0.26), length = 2 km, diameter = 0.3m. Determine the
max. flow rate Q , If the allowable maximum head loss = 4.6m. T=10oC
Type 2:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
2
LV
hF f
D 2g
2000 V2
4.6 f
0.3 2 9.81
1
0.0135
V2
497 10 6 497 10 6
f 1.31 10 6
f 0.02
eq1
V 0.82 m/s
eq
2
N R 1.886 105
e
8.67 10 4 Another solution?
D
Moody
f 0.021
Solution 1:
LV2 2ghf 1/ 2 D 1/ 2
hf f V
D 2g L f
1000 V
2
0.12
2 f V
2
3 2(9.81) f
Table 3.1 : wood stave pipe: e = 0.18 – 0.9 mm, take e = 0.3 mm
e 0.3
0.0001
D 3
VD 3V
At T= 10oC, = 1.31x10-6 m2/sec N R 2.29 10 6
63.V
1.31 10 6
• Solve by trial and error:
• Iteration 1:
0.12
• Assume f = 0.02 V V 2.45m / sec
2
0.02
NR 2.29 106.2.45 5.6 106
From moody Diagram: f 0.0122
Iteration 2:
0.12
update f = 0.0122 V2 V 3.14m / sec
0.0122
NR 2.29 106.3.14 7.2 106
From moody Diagram: f 0.0121 0.0122
Iteration f V NR
V2 3.15 m/s
0 0.02 2.45 5.6106 32
1 0.0122 3.14 7.2106 Solution: Q VA 3.15.
2 0.0121
4
Convergence
22.27 m3 /s 64
Another solution?
Example 6:Another solution?
Compute the discharge capacity of a 3-m diameter, wood stave pipe in its best
condition carrying water at 10oC. It is allowed to have a head loss of 2m/km
of pipe length.
Type 2: Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
Solution 2:
At T= 10oC, = 1.31x10-6 m2/sec
1/ 2
D 2 ghf
3/ 2
(3)3 2 2(9.81)(3)
NR f 9.62 105
L 1.31 10 6 1000
Table 3.1 : wood pipe: e = 0.18 – 0.9 mm, take e = 0.3 mm e 0.3 0.0001
D 3
From moody Diagram: f 0.0121
LV 2
2 ghf
1/ 2
D
1/ 2
32
hf f V 3.15m / sec , Q VA 3.15.
D 2g L f 4
22.27 m3 /s65
f = 0.0121
66
Problems type III (head loss)
67
Example 7:
68
69
Example 7:cont.
70
Example 8:
Estimate the size of a uniform, horizontal welded-steel pipe installed to carry 14
ft3/sec of water of 70oF (20oC). The allowable pressure loss is 17 ft/mi of
pipe length.
Solution 2:
From Table : Steel pipe: ks = 0.046 mm
Q
2
LV2
Darcy-Weisbach: hL f
D 2g L A L Q 2 42 1 16fLQ 2
hL f f
Q VA D 2g D 2g 2D 4 D 5 2g 2
1/ 5
8 fLQ 2
D 2
1
/5 g hL
8 f 5280 14 2
D f 1/ 5 4.33 f 1/ 5 a
9 . 81 2
17
Let D = 2.5 ft, then V = Q/A = 2.85 ft/sec
Now by knowing the relative roughness and the Reynolds number:
e 0.003
0.0012
D 2.5
We get f =0.021 71
VD 2.85 * 2.5
NR 6.6 *105
1.08 *10 5
Example 8:cont.
A better estimate of D can be obtained by substituting the latter
values into equation a, which gives
72
73
Example 9:
74
Empirical Formulas 1
• Hazen-Williams
D 5cm V 3.0m / sec
V 1.318CHW Rh0.63S 0.54 British Units
V 0.85CHW Rh
0.63
S 0.54
wetted A D
Simplified
Rh hydraulic Radius
wetted P 4
hf
S
L
CHW Hazen Will iams Coefficien t
10.7 L
hf 1.852
Q1.852
SI Unit
CHW D 4.87
75
Empirical Formulas 1
76
Empirical Formulas 1
CHW Hazen Will iams Coefficien t
77
Empirical Formulas 1
78
Empirical Formulas 1
79
Empirical Formulas 2
• This formula has extensively been used for open channel
designs. It is also quite commonly used for pipe flows
• Manning
1 2 / 3 1/ 2 wetted A D
V Rh S Rh hydraulic Radius
n wetted P 4
hf
S
L
Simplified
n Manning Coefficien t
10.3 L nQ
2
hf SI Unit
D 5.33
80
Empirical Formulas 2
1 2/ 3 1/ 2
V Rh S
n
2
Q
h f 10.3n 2 L 16 / 3
D
L 2 2
h f 6.35 1.33 n V
D
81
Empirical Formulas 2
82
Empirical Formulas 2
n Manning Coefficien t
83
Empirical Formulas 3
The Chezy Formula
V C 1/ 2
Rh S 1/ 2
2
L V
hf 4
DC
84
Empirical Formulas 3
• It can be shown that this formula, for circular pipes, is
equivalent to Darcy’s formula with the value for
8g
C
f
[f is Darcy Weisbeich coefficient]
85
Empirical Formulas 4
The Strickler Formula:
V 2/ 3
k str Rh S 1/ 2
2
L V
h f 6.35 1.33
D k str
1
k str 86
n
Empirical Formulas
Relations between the coefficients in Chezy,
Manning , Darcy , and Strickler formulas.
1
k str
n
C kstr R
1/ 6
h
1/ 3
f Rh
n
8g
87
Example 10
New Cast Iron (CHW = 130, n = 0.011) has length = 6 km and diameter =
30cm. Q= 0.32 m3/s, T=30o. Calculate the head loss due to friction
using:
a) Hazen-William Method
10.7 L
hf 1.852
Q1.852
CHW D 4.87
10.7 6000
hf 1.852 4 .87
0.321.852
333m
130 0.3
b) Manning Method
10.3 L nQ
2
hf
D 5.33
10.3 6000 0.011 0.32
2
hf 5 .33
470 m
0.3 88
Calculation of Head (Energy) Losses
89
Minor Losses
• Additional losses due to entries and exits,
fittings and valves are traditionally referred to
as minor losses
V2 Q2
hm k L kL 2
2g 2 gA
90
Minor Losses
91
Minor Losses
• The minor losses occurs du to :
• Valves
• Tees
• Bends
• Reducers
• Valves
• And other appurtenances
• It has the common form
V2 Q2
hm k L kL
2g 2 gA2
“minor” compared to friction losses in long pipelines but,
Along centerline
2
V2
hc kc 94
2g
Minor Losses
Value of the coefficient Kc for sudden contraction
V2
95
Minor Losses
Head Loss Due to a Sudden Contraction
V 22
hL K L
2g
2
V2
hL 0.5
2g
96
Minor Losses
Head losses due to pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor
kc'
2
V2
hc' kc'
2g
97
Minor Losses
Head Loss Due to Gradual Contraction (reducer
or nozzle)
hL K L
V 2 V1
2 2
2g
a 100 200 300 400
KL 0.2 0.28 0.32 0.35
98
Minor Losses
Losses due to Enlargement
A sudden Enlargement in a pipe
(V1 V2 ) 2
hE
2g
99
Minor Losses
Head losses due to pipe enlargement may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor
V V2
2 2
hE' k E' 1
2g
100
Minor Losses
Note that the drop in the energy line is much larger than in the case of a contraction
abrupt expansion
gradual expansion
101
smaller head loss than in the case of an abrupt expansion
Minor Losses
Head Loss Due to a Sudden Enlargement
V 12
hL K L
2g
2
A1
KL 1
A2
or :
hL
V1 V2 2
2g
102
Minor Losses
Head Loss Due to Gradual Enlargement
(conical diffuser)
hL K L
V
1 V2
2 2
2g
103
Minor Losses
Gibson tests
104
Minor Losses
Loss due to pipe entrance
General formula for head loss at the entrance of a pipe is also
expressed in term of velocity head of the pipe
2
V
hent K ent
2g
105
Minor Losses
Different pipe inlets
106
Minor Losses
Head Loss at the Entrance of a Pipe
(flow leaving a tank)
Reentrant Sharp
(embeded) edge
KL = 0.8 KL = 0.5
Slightly
rounded
Well
KL = 0.2
rounded
KL = 0.04
V2
hL K L 107
2g
Minor Losses
Another Typical values for various amount of rounding of
the lip
108
Minor Losses
Loss at pipe exit (discharge head loss)
In this case the entire velocity head of the pipe flow is
dissipated and that the discharge loss is
2
V
hexit
2g
109
Minor Losses
Head Loss at the Exit of a Pipe (flow entering a tank)
KL = 1.0 KL = 1.0
V2
hL
2g
KL = 1.0 KL = 1.0
111
Minor Losses
Miter bends
For situations in which space is limited,
112
Minor Losses
Loss of head through valves
2
V2
hv K v
2g
113
Minor Losses
114
Minor Losses
The loss coefficient for elbows, bends, and tees
115
Minor Losses
Loss coefficients for pipe components (Table)
116
Minor loss coefficients (Table)
117
Minor Losses
Minor loss calculation using equivalent
pipe length
kl D
Le
f
118
Minor Losses
119
Minor Losses
Unless local effects are of particular interests the changes in the EGL and HGL are
often shown as abrupt changes (even though the loss occurs over some distance) 120
Minor Losses
Example 11
In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1 =0.6m ,
D2 =0.4m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A =80m , Q
= 0.5m3/s (T=10oC).there are a sudden contraction between
Pipe 1 and 2, and Sharp entrance at pipe 1.
Fine the water level at B
e = 0.26mm
v = 1.31×10-6
Q = 0.5 m3/s
121
Minor Losses
Solution
Z A ZB hf
hL h f 1 h f 2 hent hc hexit
2 2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22
hL f1 f2 kent kc kexit
D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g
Q 0.5 Q 0.5
V1 1.77 m/ sec , V2 3.98 m/ sec ,
A1 π 0.62 A2 π 0.42
4 4
VD VD
Re1 1 1 8.1105 , Re 2 2 2 1.22 106 ,
υ υ
0.26
0.00043, 0.00065,
D1 600 D1
moody
f1 0.017 moody
f 2 0.018
122
hent 0.5, hc 0.27, hexit 1
Minor Losses
2 2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22
hL f1 f2 kent kc kexit
D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g
ZB = 80 – 13.36 = 66.64 m
123
Minor Losses
Example 12
A pipe enlarge suddenly from D1=240mm to D2=480mm. the
H.G.L rises by 10 cm calculate the flow in the pipe
124
Solution
125
Minor Losses
p1 V12 p2 V22
Solution z1 z 2 he
g 2 g g 2 g
V12 V22 p p
he 2 z 2 1 z1
2g 2g g g
V12 V22 V1 V2
2
0.1
2g 2g 2g
V1 A1 V2 A2
V1
4 0 .24
2
V2
4 0 .48 2
V1 4V2
16V22 V22 4V2 V2
2
0.1
2g 2g 2g
2
6V2
0. 1
2g
126
V2 0.57 m / s Q V2 A2 0.57 4 0.48 0.103m / s 2 3
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127
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