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C9. Metal Ions in Biological Systems: April 4th

This document discusses the roles of various metal ions in biological systems. It notes that calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, sodium, and potassium all play important roles as minerals and cofactors in enzymes and other processes. It then focuses on ATP as the energy currency of cells, the sodium-potassium pump that maintains ion gradients, electron transport involving transition metals, and hemoglobin's role in oxygen transport using its iron center.

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Piyush Bhalla
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27 views

C9. Metal Ions in Biological Systems: April 4th

This document discusses the roles of various metal ions in biological systems. It notes that calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, sodium, and potassium all play important roles as minerals and cofactors in enzymes and other processes. It then focuses on ATP as the energy currency of cells, the sodium-potassium pump that maintains ion gradients, electron transport involving transition metals, and hemoglobin's role in oxygen transport using its iron center.

Uploaded by

Piyush Bhalla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C9.

Metal ions in biological systems


April 4th
General

• Many metal ions have role in biological


processes of the body
• The ions have different physical and
chemical properties
– Charge density
– Complex formation
– Oxidation states
• Minerals in food
The most important ions
• Ion • Role:
• Ca2+ • 1.5-2% of body mass, bones, teeth
• Mg2+ • Bones and teeth, intracellular activity
• Fe2+ • Hemoglobin, O2 transfer
• Cu2+ • Cofactor in enzymes
• Zn2+ • Cofactor in enzymes,growth, healing
• Co3+ • In vitamin B12
• Na+ • Water balance, nerve impulses, fluids
• K+ inside and outside cells
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
• A nucleotide (ribose sugar, adenine base and
three phosphate groups)
• Energy currency of the cell, providing the energy
for most of the energy-consuming activities
• It regulates many biochemical pathways
ATP as energy source

• The exothermic reaction is (hydrolysis):


• ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + E
• ADP is adenosine diphosphate
• Pi is phosphate group, HOPO32-
• Reversible process
Na+/K+ pump
• Found in membranes of cells.
• Produces electrical and chemical gradient across
a cell membrane.
• It plays a very important role in nerve cell
membranes.
• Transmission of nerve impulses.
• Channel = tunnel-like trans membrane protein:
Na+-K+ ATPase
• K+ inside a cell
• Na+ outside a cell
• Cell surface membranes pump Na+ ions out of cell
and K+ in.
Na+/K+ pump
• The pump requires
energy:
• ATP + H2O → ADP +
Pi + E
• With 1 mol ATP:
• 3 mol of Na+ and 2
mol of K+ pumped
out/in
• Animation
Electron transport
• Energy from food is released through many
redox reactions (mitochondria)
• Transition metals have many oxidation
states.
• => They can carry charges.
• Cytochromes are oxidizing enzymes.
• Contain copper or iron as cofactors.
• Cu2+ + e– ↔ Cu+; Fe3+ + e– ↔ Fe2+
• Animation
Cu in cytochrome oxidase
Hemoglobin as oxygen carrier
• In each hemoglobin molecule there are
four heme groups
• Heme = Fe2+ surrounded by phorphyrin
group, four N act as ligands.
• As O2 carrier: O2 binds to Fe2+ as a ligand
• Reversible process
• CO and CN– bind irreversible to Fe2+
Hemoglobin

Binding of O2 alters the structure

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