The Art of Lecturing: Paul Sutton, PHD, MD

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The Art of Lecturing

Paul Sutton, PhD, MD


Associate Professor
General Internal Medicine
University of Washington
• The “Art of Lecturing”…really?
“Where facts are few, experts are
many.” Donald Gannon

“An expert is a person who has made


all the mistakes that can be made in
a very narrow field.” Niels Bohr
Overview
• Public speaking tips

• Tips for effective PowerPoint


presentations

• Presentation of data

• “The 10 Minute Talk”


Public Speaking Tips
• Tell ‘em

• Tell them what you are going to tell


them

• Tell them

• Tell them what you have told them


Overview
• Public speaking tips

• Tips for effective PowerPoint


presentations

• Presentation of data

• “The 10 Minute Talk”


Public Speaking Tips
• Know your subject

• Know your audience


– What’s in it for me?

• Structure
– Particularly crucial for shorter talks

• Your style
– Find your own voice
– But seek to entertain as well as educate
Your Style
• “Good teaching is one fourth
preparation and three fourths theater.”
Gail Godwin

• Use eye contact, voice modulation,


and animation (yours, not
PowerPoint’s)

• Take chances (but be tasteful)


Public Speaking Tips
• Limited recall
– “The magical number seven, plus or
minus two”. Miller GA. Psychol Rev
1956. 63:81-97.

• Emphasize key points


– Don’t attempt the Vulcan mind meld
– “If you only remember one thing…”
Effective Habits
• Outline the talk before opening any
presentation software

• Scientific Presentation
– Background
– Objective
– Methods
– Data
– Discussion
Effective Habits: outlines
Topic-based Lecture
• Intro
• Epidemiology
• Clinical Features
• Diagnostics
• Treatment
• Areas of study
• Review
Case-based Lecture
• Intro
• Case 1
• Teaching point
• Case 2
• Teaching point
• Lather & repeat
• Review
Effective Habits
• Prepare in advance!
– “It usually takes more than three weeks to prepare a
good impromptu speech.” Mark Twain

• Practice
– Particularly the introduction

• Peer review
– Is the story coherent?
– Is the presentation of data clear?
– Eliminate ypographical errors
PowerPoint Tips
• Use PowerPoint
– 95% market share
– Presentation software options:
• PC/Mac/UNIX: OpenOffice by Sun
• Mac: Keynote
– Can be difficult to share
– Potential for formatting surprises

• Most conferences require .ppt


Savvy Slides
(K.I.S.S.)

• Dark background, light text


• Consider using bold for all fonts
• Shadowed text is more readable
• Use font size 24 or greater
• Use easy to read fonts
– Arial
– Times New Roman
– Comic Sans MS
– English 111 Vivace BT
Savvy Slides (44 point)

• Arial 36
• Arial 28
• Arial 20

• Comic Sans MS 36
• Comic Sans MS 28
• Comic Sans MS 20

• Times New Roman 36


• Times New Roman 28
• Times New Roman 20
Backgrounds

• Readable, classic

• But, fatiguing over time


Backgrounds

• Annoying, pointless background


• Poor contrast

• High contrast is minimally better

• Wow, what a great lecture


Slide Content
• About one minute per slide
– This ratio increases as the length of the
talk increases

• 5-8 lines of text per slide

• Simplify information (on the slide!)


– More Hemingway than Bulwer-Lytton
– More haiku than Dante
Slide Content

• For goodness sakes, don’t read your


slides!

• Avoid STDs
– Speaker/text dissonance

• Use animations sparingly


“Death by PowerPoint”

http://norvig.com/Gettysburg/sld006.htm, accessed 4/14/09


http://canadiancpd.medscape.com/content/2002/00/43/71/437182/437182_fig.html
Accessed 7/2/2009
PowerPoint Tips
• Don’t forget to stretch/change gears

• Attention span may be 10-15 minutes


– Perhaps less in the age of Twitter

• Various techniques to re-engage the


audience
Overview
• Lecture tips and effective habits

• Tips for effective PowerPoint


presentations

• Presentation of data

• “The 10 Minute Talk”


m y
a k ing xt
o u tt s ne
a b v is it
kin g e
t hin en sh
I ’m w h
N ow ntown
So… in dow
s
cou th…
mon
Presentation of Data

• PowerPoint conveys data at


relatively low bandwidth
Flather MD, et al. Lancet 2000. 355: 1575
Tables, Charts, and Graphs
• Avoid tables & figures from journals
– they do not project well

• Tables & figures should be clearly


labeled, and make sense at a glance

• Orient the audience & walk them


through the data
Tables, Charts & Graphs
• You’ve failed if you have to begin
with an apology

• Limit data to what is necessary to


convey your point
– But don’t deceive

• Highlight key points


ACE Inhibitors and Mortality
Reduction
Mortality
Trial ACEI Controls RR (95% CI)
Chronic CHF
CONSENSUS I 39% 54% 0.56 (0.34–0.91)
SOLVD (Treatment)35% 40% 0.82 (0.70–0.97)
SOLVD
Make(Prevention)
another15% point with16% 0.92 (0.79–1.08)
Posttext
MI box or highlighting
SAVE 20% 25% 0.81 (0.68–0.97)
AIRE 17% 23% 0.73 (0.60–0.89)
TRACE 35% 42% 0.78 (0.67–0.91)
SMILE 6.5% 8.3% 0.78 (0.52–1.12)
Average 21% 27% 0.77
Garg
Garg RR et
et al.
al. JAMA.
JAMA. 1995;273:1450–1456.
1995;273:1450–1456.
US Carvedilol Heart Failure
Program:
Effect on Hospitalizations
 29%*
29%*  28%*
28%*  38%*
38%*
Placebo
Placebo
30 (n
(n == 398)
398)
Carvedilol
Carvedilol
(n 696))
(n == 696
20
Duration
Duration of
of therapy:
therapy:
% 6.5
6.5 months
months (median)
(median)
10
*P
*P <.05
<.05
0 All Cardiovascular Heart
All Cardiovascular Heart Failure
Failure
Hospitalizations
Hospitalizations Hospitalization
Hospitalization Hospitalizations
Hospitalizations

Fowler MB et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1692–1699.


Age-Adjusted Prostate Cancer
Incidence and Mortality
900

800 FDA
700
approves
PSA
600
Per 100,000

500
Incidence
Mortality
400

300

200

100

7 5 7 7 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 3 9 5 9 7 9 9 0 1 0 3 0 5
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20
Years

1975-2005 from the SEER database, accessed 4/12/08


“Everything should be made as simple
as possible, but not one bit simpler.”
Einstein
The 10 Minute Talk
• The research equivalent of the oral case
presentation
– Structure is incredibly important

• Background/significance
• Objective
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion/future
The 10 Minute Talk
• Very little time

• Make every word count

• Seek early feedback

• Memorize the beginning (first impressions)

• Practice, practice, practice


The Delivery
• Redundancy
– Computer, webmail, USB flash drive, CD
– Include all files necessary for any animation
(e.g. video)

• Get there early, check out the room,


controls, water

• Ask a friend/colleague for feedback


– Learn something from every talk
Overview (“Tell ‘em”)
• Lecture tips and effective habits

• Tips for effective PowerPoint


presentations

• Presentation of data

• “The 10 Minute Talk”


Take Home Points
• Be knowledgeable, enthusiastic, and animated

• Focus on a few take home points

• Legible slides (and don’t read them!)

• Pay particular attention to the presentation of


data

• 10 minute talk is like an oral case presentation –


structure counts
“Make sure you have finished
speaking before your audience has
finished listening.” Dorothy Sarnoff
Suggested Reading
• Federman D. How do you give a great lecture? Parts I and II.
SGIM Forum, June and July 2009. Accessed at
http://www.sgim.org/index.cfm?pageId=809
– Very practical, expert opinion
• Tufte ER. The cognitive style of PowerPoint: pitching out
corrupts within. 2nd edition. Graphics Press (Cheshire, CT). 2006.
– An essay on the limitations and cognitive shackles of PowerPoint
– Available at the bookstore for $7
• Keller J. Killing me microsoftly with PowerPoint. Chicago
Tribune, January 5, 2003. Accessed at
http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/chicago-tribune-julia-keller-05-
january-2003.htm
– Martin Luther King and Robert Frost à la PowerPoint
• Collins J. Giving a PowerPoint presentation: the art of
communicating effectively. Radiographics 2004. 24:1185-92.

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