Biodiversity and Biotechnology

BIODIVERSITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definitions:
(1) Biodiversity is the sum total of plants, animals and microorganisms
existing as an interacting system in a given habitat.
(2) Biodiversity is the diversity, frequency and variety in genes, species and
ecosystems in the biosphere.
Human races secure both services and products for their survival and progress
from these diverse life forms and life support systems.
(3) According to UNEP (1992) Biodiversity means the variability among living
organisms from all sources including interalia, terrestrial, marine and other
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part:
this include diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Convention of Biological Diversity defines” Biological diversity” as the
variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia,
terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of
which they are part; this includes diversity at the gene level.
1
(4) Biodiversity is a common term that refers to the variety and
variability among living organisms and the ecosystem complexes in
which they occur.
(5) The ensemble (thing viewed as whole) and interactions of the
genetic, the species, and the ecological diversity in a given place and
at a given time.
(6) A more sophisticated definition of biodiversity could be, therefore,
the ensemble and hierarchical interactions of the genetic, taxonomic
and ecological scales of organization at different levels of integration.
Ensemble: thing viewed as whole e.g.. The coat, hat and shoes
make an attractive ensemble.
2
COMPONENTS OF BIODIVERSITY
:
• Three main components of biodiversity. These are:
• 1. Genes- at molecular level
• 2. Species- at Species level
• 3. Ecosystems at ecological level
Genetic Diversity: Diversity within a species is the genetic diversity
Ecological Diversity
↓
Species Diversity
↓
Genetic Diversity
Ecosystems: the individuals, populations and species that occur in a definite

place/area including their interactions with each other and with their physical
environment.
3
Composition and Levels of Biodiversity
Ecological Taxonomic
Diversity Diversity
Biomes Kingdoms
Bioregions Phyla
Landscapes Genetic Families
Habitats Diversity Genara
Populations Population Species
Individuals Subspecies
Chromosomes Population
Genes Individuals
Nucleotides
4
Hierarchical Patterns and Scales of Biodiversity
Genetic ↔ Taxonomic ↔ Ecological

Diversity Diversity Diversity
Community Kingdom Biosphere
↓ ↓ ↓
Population Phylum Biome
↓ ↓ ↓
Organism Class Landscape
↓ ↓ ↓
Cell Order Ecosystem
↓ ↓ ↓
Molecule Family Patch
(DNA) ↓ ↓
Genus Habitat
Species Niche
Sub-species
Variety 5
ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity and Development

1. Biodiversity is essential to human well-being
2. Biodiversity is the pillar of human development
3. Biodiversity is the best tool with which to establish a much needed
bridge within social and cultural world.
4. Biodiversity is the backbone of agriculture, animal husbandry,
forestry selection as well as for aquaculture utilization.
5. The land use and regional development are now subject to very rapid
and dramatic changes because of the globalization of trade and
markets.
6. Biodiversity will be fundamental in the new era of industrial
development. (Food industry, Agrobased industry, Garments
industry, Wood , Jute, Cotton, Rubber, Sugar, Poultry, Poultry
Feed, Pharmaceutical , Paper, Partex etc)
Cultural diversity: Human interactions in all levels.
DV- Diversity visa (is given by the USA) and immigration is a regular 6
phenomena in Australia, Canada.
Biodiversity is Essential to Human Well-Being
- Human societies rely on a vast majority of biological resources and their
diversity to provide goods and services.
- Out of five basic needs of human, four basic needs e.g. food, fiber
(cloth), shelter, & medicine/ drugs are coming from Biodiversity ( plants,
animals, microbes)
- Direct uses of biodiversity provide a wide variety of ecosystem services
such as the maintenance of the composition of atmosphere
- -protection of water sheds and coastal zones,
-maintenance of soil fertility and
dispersal, breakdown and recycling of wastes.
- Genetic diversity is very much needed for the improvement of crops,
animals and forest plants. No improvement is possible without having
genetic diversity of plants, animals and microbes.
- Ecological diversity is essential for growing varieties of plants/crops, for
aquaculture and animal husbandry in the world.
- Each and every plant, animal and microbe needs different climates for
their proper growth and development. 7
Contd. of Biodiversity is Essential………
-Agro-ecosystems, forests, rangeland and coral reefs differ in their ability to
provide goods, and services and improper management can reduce
their ability to provide those goods and services.
-Poorly managed activities can lead to degradation. For example, the
conversion of forests and other natural vegetation types has often led to
soil erosion and stream sedimentation resulting in loss of soil
productivity, aquatic life and flood protection.
Similarly, large scale habitat destruction in many arid and semi-arid regions
has been shown to lead to increase desertification.
8
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY, STRENGTH AND
WEAKNESES
Developing Industrial
Countries Countries
1.Biodiversity rich 1. Biodiversity poor
2. Vavilovian centers of diversity 2. Nil
3. Biodiversity rich but 3. Biodiversity poor but
Technology poor Technology rich
4. Poverty 4. Affluence
5. Largely bio-industrial development 5.Largely industrial
development
6. Conservation not science-based 6. Science based
7. Largely in situ conservation 7. Largely ex situ / in vitro
conservation
8. R& D, education, training, demonstration 8. Rich base
and extension need enhancement
9.Biodiversity supported by cultural diversity 9. Largely absent
10. Genetics, breeding & 10. Rich base
biotech &GE base poor
11. Largely subsistence or intensive agriculture 11. Capacity extensive 9
CAUSES OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. High population pressure on the earth that increases the demand for
biological resources( food, fuel, drug & raw materials for industry).
2. Failure of people to consider the long term consequences of their actions often
due to lack of basic knowledge.
3. Increased human population, migrations, travel and international trade
4. Failure of people to appreciate the consequences of using inappropriate
technology.
5. Failure of economic markets to recognize the true values of biodiversity at
local level
6. Failure of govt. policies to correct for the resultant overuse of biological
resources.
7. Unplanned urbanization, house building by destruction of forests, hills,lakes,
beel, Jheels, rivers etc.
8. Environmental pollution (Soil, water and air)
9. Destruction of reserve forests, sanctuaries as a whole deforestation.
10. Poverty 11. Inactive/less active law enforcement agencies. 10

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BIODIVERSITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Ecosystems: the individuals, populations and species that occur in a definite

Genetic ↔ Taxonomic ↔ Ecological

Biodiversity and Development

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