The quantum numbers n, l, m, and s uniquely define an electron's position in an atom. The principal quantum number n determines the electron's energy level or shell. The azimuthal quantum number l indicates the subshell, related to its shape. The magnetic quantum number m gives the subshell's orientation. The spin quantum number s represents the electron's intrinsic spin as either +1/2 or -1/2. Together these quantum numbers provide a signature for each atomic orbital.
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Quantum Numbers
The quantum numbers n, l, m, and s uniquely define an electron's position in an atom. The principal quantum number n determines the electron's energy level or shell. The azimuthal quantum number l indicates the subshell, related to its shape. The magnetic quantum number m gives the subshell's orientation. The spin quantum number s represents the electron's intrinsic spin as either +1/2 or -1/2. Together these quantum numbers provide a signature for each atomic orbital.
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Quantum Numbers
Orbitals of electrons in atoms differ in size shape
and orientation. Definite energies and angular movements characterize atomic orbitals.
The state of an electron in any atom is defined by
certain permissible values of energy and angular momentum, which describe its location with respect to its nucleus and its energy level.
These permissible states are called orbitals and are
expressed by a set of four numbers 'n', 'l', 'm' and 's' called quantum numbers. Quantum Numbers
These numbers serve as the signature of the
electrons, uniquely describing its position in the atom.
The 'n', 'l' and 'm' indicate the spatial
distribution while 's' indicates the spin orientation of the electrons. Principle quantum number (n)
It was proposed by Bohr and denoted by n.
It determines the average distance between electron
and nucleus, means it denotes the size of atom.
It determine the energy of the electron in an orbit
where electron is present. Principle quantum number (n) The maximum number of an electron in an orbit represented by this quantum number as 2n2. No energy shells in atoms of known elements possess more limit 32 electrons.
It gives the information of orbit K, L, M, N——-
Angular momentum can also be calculated using
principle quantum number. Principle quantum number (n)
This quantum number determines the main energy
shell or energy level in which the electron is present.
It is denoted by the letter 'n' that can take whole
number values starting from 1, 2, 3, 4, ….. . The shell with n = 1 is called first shell or 'K' shell. The shell with n = 2 is the 'L' shell and so on. Azimuthal quantum number( ℓ ) Azimuthal quantum number is also known as angular quantum number. Proposed by Sommerfield and denoted by ℓ .
It determines the number of sub shells or sublevels
to which the electron belongs.
It tells about the shape of subshells.
It also expresses the energies of subshells s <p <d< f
(increasing energy). Azimuthal quantum number( ℓ ) The different sub shells are represented by first writing the value of 'n' and then the letter designated for the value of 'l'. To illustrate, n = 1 l = 0 one sub shell 1s n = 2 l = 0,1 two sub shells 2s, 2p n = 3 l = 0,1,2 three sub shells 3s, 3p, 3d n =4 l = 0,1,2,3 four sub shells 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f Thus for each value of 'n' there are 'n' values of 'l'. The value of azimuthal quantum number gives the shape of the sub shell or orbital. So it is also called as orbital quantum number. Azimuthal quantum number( ℓ ) The value of ℓ=(n-1) always. Where n is the number of principle shell.
It represent the orbital angular momentum. Which
is equal to h/2π √ℓ (ℓ + a)
The maximum number of electrons in subshell =
2(2ℓ+1) s – subshell -> 2 electrons d – subshell -> 10 electrons p – subshell -> 6 electrons f – subshell -> 14 electrons. Magnetic quantum number (m) It was proposed by Zeeman and denoted by ‘m’
It gives the number of permitted orientation of
subshells.
The value of m varies from - ℓ to + ℓ through zero
It tells about the splitting of spectral lines in the
magnetic field i.e. this quantum number proves the Zeeman effect. Magnetic quantum number (m) For a given value of ‘n’ the total value of ‘m’ is equal to n2.
For a given value of ℓ the total value of ‘m’ is equal
to (2ℓ + 1).
Degenerate orbitals : Orbitals having the same
energy are known as degenerate orbitals. e.g. for p subshell Px Py Pz
The number of degenerate orbitals of s subshell = 0.
Spin quantum numbers (s) It was proposed by Goldshmidt & Ulen Back and denoted by the symbol of s.
The value of s is + 1/2 and -1/2, which signifies the spin
or rotation or direction of electron on it’s axis during movement.
The spin may be clockwise or anticlockwise.
It represents the value of spin angular momentum is
equal to h/2π √s(s+1) Spin quantum numbers (s)
Maximum spin of an atom = 1/2 x number of
unpaired electron.
This quantum number is not the result of solution of