Chapter - 4 Sampling Design: Introduction Important Terminologies in Sampling Steps in Sampling
Chapter - 4 Sampling Design: Introduction Important Terminologies in Sampling Steps in Sampling
Chapter - 4 Sampling Design: Introduction Important Terminologies in Sampling Steps in Sampling
Sampling Design
Contents
Introduction
Important terminologies in sampling
Steps in sampling
• The Need for Census /Sampling
• Types of sampling Techniques
• Determination of sample size
February 14, 2019 1
4.1. Introduction
Sampling design/plan:
• Sampling is one of the components of research design.
• is outlined in the research design, but because of its importance the sampling stage is considered as a
distinct phase of the research process.
• is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population (Kothari, 1988).
• refers to the procedure the researcher adopts for selecting items for the sample from the
population.
• helps to decide the number of items to be included in the sample, i.e., the size of the sample.
• The sample design should be determined prior to data collection.
Sample(n):
• a subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study.
• is a subset of a population to which the researcher has selected with a due care and intends to
generalize the results of the study to the entire population.
Statistic:
• Is a descriptive measure of a sample
• Example, when we work out certain measurement like, mean from a sample they are called
statistics. the sample mean (x) is a statistics.
• The first thing the sample plan must include is a definition of the population to be investigated.
• Defining the target population implies specifying the subject of the study.
• Specification of a population involves identifying which elements (items) are included, as well
as where and when.
Multistage
v) Multi-Stage sampling
4. Select the random start r, this is between 1 and k. The unit corresponding to r
is the first unit of the sample.
5. Then take every Kth unit
6. The other of the sample corresponds to r + k, r + 2k and so on.
Kassa T. (PhD)
Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
Example
• Suppose we want to do a systematic random sample of high school students-
• number a list of students (there are approximately 500 students – if we want a sample of 50, 500/50=10).
• Select a number between 1 and 10 at random.
• That student will be the first student chosen, then choose every 10th student from there.
• Main advantage
• more convenient, faster, and more economical
• The main Disadvantage
• It works well only if the complete and up-to-date frame is available
• Any hidden periodicity in the list will adversely affect the representativeness of the sample.
• In a stratified sample,
• we sample either proportionately or disproportionately.
• When we use the same sampling fraction within strata we are conducting proportionate
stratified random sampling.
• When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate
stratified random sampling.
• The usual stratification factors include sex, age, socio-economic status, educational
background, academic rank, residence, occupation, religion, etc.
Example:
Suppose we were to take a stratified random sample of 100 Academic staffs’ of Adigrat
University. Since the staff are already divided by Academic rank, Academic rank, can be our
strata. Then randomly select 50 lecturers and 50 above lecturers.
The advantage
• there is less sampling variation than with simple random or systematic sampling
• unbiased,
Disadvantage
• difficult for the researcher to decide the relevant criterion for stratification.
• costly and time consuming method.
• The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
subpopulations, or clusters.
• Then a random sample of clusters are selected, based on a probability sampling technique such as
SRS.
• For each selected cluster, all the elements are included in the sample probabilistically.
• Unlike stratified sampling, in which every stratum is sampled, cluster sampling samples among
groups or clusters.
Kassa T. (PhD)
Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
Example
Consider a universe of 100 blocks. Suppose that there are 20 households per each block. Assume that a sample of 80
households is required from this total population of 2,000 households. Thus, the sample that can be selected are 4
blocks and 20 households per block.
Advantage :
• Efficiency, unbiased-ness
• Easier and more practical method which facilitates the field work.
Disadvantage:
• reduced accuracy or representativeness, on the account of the fact that in every stage there is a
sampling error.
i) Convenience
ii) Judgmental/Purposive
iii) Quota
iv) Snowball
Convenience samples are best used for exploratory research when additional research will
subsequently be conducted with a probability sample.
Example:
If you stand outside a shopping center and hand out questionnaire surveys to people or interview them as
they walk in, the sample of respondents you will obtain will be a convenience sample
Advantage :
• easy and cheap to use
Disadvantage:
• bias is present, least reliable, etc.
For example,
• a judgment sample of college students might be taken to secure reactions to a new method of teaching
• Test markets selected to determine the potential of a new product.
Advantage:
• reduced cost and time involved in acquiring the sample.
Disadvantage
• selection of biased samples.
Advantage
• many sectors of the population are represented.
Disadvantage:
• It is not free from error
• High risk of biasness
Sample size- refers to the number of items to be selected from the population to constitute a sample
The size of sample should be optimum. i.e.,
The size of sample should neither be excessively large, nor too small.
If it too small, it may not serve to achieve the objectives and if it is too large, we may incur huge cost
and waste resources.
An optimum sample may be defined as the one that satisfies the requirements of representativeness,
flexibility, efficiency, and reliability.
Larger samples will generally give more precise information about the population.
***//***
February 14, 2019 45
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: