Chapter - 4 Sampling Design: Introduction Important Terminologies in Sampling Steps in Sampling

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 45

Chapter -4

Sampling Design

Contents
Introduction
Important terminologies in sampling
Steps in sampling
• The Need for Census /Sampling
• Types of sampling Techniques
• Determination of sample size
February 14, 2019 1
4.1. Introduction
Sampling design/plan:
• Sampling is one of the components of research design.
• is outlined in the research design, but because of its importance the sampling stage is considered as a
distinct phase of the research process.
• is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population (Kothari, 1988).
• refers to the procedure the researcher adopts for selecting items for the sample from the
population.
• helps to decide the number of items to be included in the sample, i.e., the size of the sample.
• The sample design should be determined prior to data collection.

February 14, 2019 2


4.1. Introduction -------
Any statistical investigation can take two forms:
 The researcher studies every unit of the field of study (survey) and drive conclusion by
computing the sum of all units.
 This type of survey is also called census survey
 In the other type, the researcher study only a unit in the field of study and this type of
study/survey is called sample survey.

February 14, 2019 3


4.2. Important terminologies and concepts in sampling
Population (N)-
• Is the group you would like to sample from.
• It is an aggregate of (individuals, organizations, objects, events,…).
• Can be finite or infinite population.
• Similarly, population could be hypothetical or existent/real.

Census(a complete enumerations):


• is a count of all the elements in a population.
• is collecting all the necessary data from the whole population under study
• Is the study of all individual members of a population.

February 14, 2019 4


4.2. Important terminologies and concepts in sampling-----
Parameter:
• A Measurable characteristics of a population.
• A descriptive measure of the population under study. E.g. population mean ()

Sample(n):
• a subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study.
• is a subset of a population to which the researcher has selected with a due care and intends to
generalize the results of the study to the entire population.

February 14, 2019 5


4.2. Important terminologies and concepts in sampling-----
Sampling:
• is the procedure of selecting a sample from a population

Sampling Frame (Source list)


• Is the actual list of every individual in the population
• Frame is either constructed by the researcher or some existing list of population is used.
• The researcher has to prepare a source list when it is not available.
• For example, the list of employees found in personnel department to get information on employee turnover

February 14, 2019 6


4.2. Important terminologies and concepts in sampling----
Sampling unit/Element/:
• Is a single element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample.
• it is from which information is collected which provides basis for analysis,
• Sampling unit is a member of a sample selected from a sampling frame

Statistic:
• Is a descriptive measure of a sample
• Example, when we work out certain measurement like, mean from a sample they are called
statistics. the sample mean (x) is a statistics.

February 14, 2019 7


4.3. The steps of sampling Design/plan
Steps involved in Sampling procedure:
Defining the Population (Census Vs Sample)

Specify Sampling frame

Choose sampling method

Determine sample size

Execute the plan


(select the sample elements and collect the data from the designated elements)
February 14, 2019 8
Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population

• The first thing the sample plan must include is a definition of the population to be investigated.

• Defining the target population implies specifying the subject of the study.

• Specification of a population involves identifying which elements (items) are included, as well
as where and when.

February 14, 2019 9


Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population ---------
----------
• Census Vs. Sample
• Once the population has been defined, the researcher must decide whether the survey is to be
conducted among all members of the population or only a subset of the population.
• That is, a choice must be made between census and sample

February 14, 2019 10


Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population ---------
----------
The Need for Census
• Universality/Wide applicability- the data collected has a wide application. sampling units are only
applicable on average.
• For the safety of the consumer - census remains the only option in case of some products w/c are so
critical to the life of consumers.
• Representativeness:- to eliminate the possibility that by chance a randomly/purposely selected sample may
not representative of the population.
• Less sampling error: - The only possible errors can be due to computation of the elements.

February 14, 2019 11


Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population ---------
-----
Limitation of census

• Expensiveness: Huge resources (HR, financial, resources, etc. ) requirements


• Excessive time and energy: Beside cost factor, it takes too long time and consumes too much energy.

• Not appropriate for short term study.

February 14, 2019 12


Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population ----------
• Why we need sampling? .
• The reasons for taking sampling instead of census:
Economy- finance, manpower, etc.
Speed- When the time between the recognition of the need of information and the availability of that
information is short, sampling helps not to miss the information
Indispensability- Sampling remains the only choice when a test involves the destruction of the item
under study.
Practicality- Sampling remains the only way when the population are infinitely
Homogeneity: If all units of the population are alike, sampling technique is easy to use.
Administrative convenience

February 14, 2019 13


Steps --------- 4.3.1. Defining the population ---------
• Limitation of Sampling
• Less accuracy/ Misleading conclusion: In comparison to census technique the conclusion derived
from sample are more liable to error.
• In assessing the monthly expenditure of university students if the selected sample contains more rich students,
our result (conclusion) will be erroneous if it extended to all students
• Possibility of bias
• Difficulty in selecting representative
• Need for specific and specialized knowledge

February 14, 2019 14


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling
Types of sampling
Probability Non- probability
sampling sampling

Simple Convenience Purposive


Systematic
random

Stratified Cluster Quota Snow ball


random

Multistage

February 14, 2019 15


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling
A. Probability /Random/Sampling
• A probability sample is defined as a sample in which every element of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
Selection of the specific units in the population depends entirely on chance.
• For a sampling design to be called a random or probability sample, each element in the
population must have an equal and independent chance of selection in the sample.

February 14, 2019 16


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
• There are various types of probability sampling techniques: the most well known are the
following:

i) Simple random sampling

ii) Stratified sampling

iii) Systematic sampling

iv) Cluster sampling

v) Multi-Stage sampling

February 14, 2019 17


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
i) Simple random sampling(SRS)
• Is the simplest form of random sampling technique.
• Process of selecting a sample of size n, giving each sampling unit an equal chance of being
included in the sample.
• It should be used with a homogeneous population.
• This may be used if the population has no differentiated levels, sections, or classes.
• Uses a lottery method, table of random numbers or a computer random number generator to
select the sample.

February 14, 2019 18


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling

1. Make a list (sampling frame) of the sampling units


and number them from 1 to N (population size).
2. Select n random numbers from 1 to N using some
random process such as lottery and the table of
random numbers.

February 14, 2019 19


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---

 The main Advantages of SRS


• is very easy and easily practicable
• Low cost, time and energy.

 The Major drawbacks of SRS


• it requires complete list of the population. But such up-to date list is not available in many
enquires.

February 14, 2019 20


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
ii) Systematic Random Sampling
 Under this method, a sample is taken from a list prepared on a systematic arrangement either
on the base of alphabetic order or number or any other method.

 A systematic sample is conducted by randomly selecting a first case on a list of


the population and then proceeding every Kth case until your sample is
selected.

February 14, 2019 21


The procedures for selecting systematic samples:
1.Number the units of the population consecutively from 1 to N.
2. Decide on sample size(n) that you want N
3. Find k using the formula k 
n

4. Select the random start r, this is between 1 and k. The unit corresponding to r
is the first unit of the sample.
5. Then take every Kth unit
6. The other of the sample corresponds to r + k, r + 2k and so on.

Kassa T. (PhD)
Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
Example
• Suppose we want to do a systematic random sample of high school students-
• number a list of students (there are approximately 500 students – if we want a sample of 50, 500/50=10).
• Select a number between 1 and 10 at random.
• That student will be the first student chosen, then choose every 10th student from there.

• Main advantage
• more convenient, faster, and more economical
• The main Disadvantage
• It works well only if the complete and up-to-date frame is available
• Any hidden periodicity in the list will adversely affect the representativeness of the sample.

February 14, 2019 23


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
iii) Stratified Random Sampling
• Stratified random sampling involves dividing the population into homogeneous mutually
exclusive subgroups (strata) and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.

• In a stratified sample,
• we sample either proportionately or disproportionately.
• When we use the same sampling fraction within strata we are conducting proportionate
stratified random sampling.
• When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate
stratified random sampling.
• The usual stratification factors include sex, age, socio-economic status, educational
background, academic rank, residence, occupation, religion, etc.

February 14, 2019 24


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---

Example:
Suppose we were to take a stratified random sample of 100 Academic staffs’ of Adigrat
University. Since the staff are already divided by Academic rank, Academic rank, can be our
strata. Then randomly select 50 lecturers and 50 above lecturers.

The advantage
• there is less sampling variation than with simple random or systematic sampling
• unbiased,
Disadvantage
• difficult for the researcher to decide the relevant criterion for stratification.
• costly and time consuming method.

February 14, 2019 25


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
iV) Cluster (Area) Random Sampling

• The target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
subpopulations, or clusters.

• Then a random sample of clusters are selected, based on a probability sampling technique such as
SRS.

• For each selected cluster, all the elements are included in the sample probabilistically.

• Unlike stratified sampling, in which every stratum is sampled, cluster sampling samples among
groups or clusters.

February 14, 2019 26


1. List the clusters and number them from 1 to C.
2. Randomly select n numbers from 1 to C, this
cluster corresponds to the selected numbers from
the sample of clusters.
3. Observe all the elements in each sample cluster.

Kassa T. (PhD)
Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
Example
Consider a universe of 100 blocks. Suppose that there are 20 households per each block. Assume that a sample of 80
households is required from this total population of 2,000 households. Thus, the sample that can be selected are 4
blocks and 20 households per block.

Advantage :
• Efficiency, unbiased-ness
• Easier and more practical method which facilitates the field work.

Disadvantage:
• reduced accuracy or representativeness, on the account of the fact that in every stage there is a
sampling error.

February 14, 2019 28


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
V) Multi-Stage(multi-stage area) Sampling
• Multi-stage sampling is a two or more stage cluster random sampling.
• This method is used in large-scale surveys.
• A sample of first—stage sampling units is chosen, each of the selected units is divided into
second- stage units, samples of second-stage units are selected, and so on
• Different methods (simple random, stratified, systematic) may be used at any stage
• The first-stage units may be Country → regions → Woredas → kebeles → households

February 14, 2019 29


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---
e.g.
• if you want to conduct an experiment on the topic “Ethiopian small landholding farmers’
willingness to sell their land: an experiment on private ownership of land”,
• you need to collect data from Ethiopian farmers but Ethiopian farmers are more than 100 million.
• Hence you can use multi-stage sampling.
• You can randomly select cluster of Weredas as sampling units.
• From each sampling unit of Wereda you can also randomly select clusters of Kebeles as second stage
sampling units.
• Further, you may randomly select clusters of sub-Kebeles in a third stage cluster sampling.
• This way you can reach small landholding farmers in Ethiopia.
• In effect, multi-stage sampling creates clusters within clusters.

February 14, 2019 30


Steps --------- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Probability)---

• This method has the same advantages as cluster sampling


• This technique is used for large scale surveys extending to a considerably large geographical area like
an entire country.
• The main disadvantage
• Errors are likely to be large in comparison to others( errors from steps to steps).

February 14, 2019 31


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--
Non-probability(Non-random) Sampling
• Non-probability sampling is also known as deliberate sampling, judgment sampling and
purposive sampling.
• The selection of units within a sample involves human judgment rather than pure chance.
• These designs are usually applied when the study population is unknown or the individual
elements in the sampling population can’t be identify easily.

February 14, 2019 32


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

i) Convenience
ii) Judgmental/Purposive
iii) Quota
iv) Snowball

February 14, 2019 33


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--
i) Convenience sampling
Also called accidental or opportunity sampling
 this is a technique in which a sample is drawn from the population that is close to hand/ near
by, readily available, willing to participate, or convenient, etc.
 In this method a sample is selected according to the convenience of the investigator.
• the "person on the street“ sampling method.
• Process of picking out people in the most convenient and fastest way to immediately get
their reactions to a certain hot and controversial issue.

February 14, 2019 34


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

 This method may be applied under the following cases:


• The population is not clearly defined
• Sampling unit is not clear
• Non-availability of source list

 Convenience samples are best used for exploratory research when additional research will
subsequently be conducted with a probability sample.

February 14, 2019 35


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

Example:
If you stand outside a shopping center and hand out questionnaire surveys to people or interview them as
they walk in, the sample of respondents you will obtain will be a convenience sample
Advantage :
• easy and cheap to use
Disadvantage:
• bias is present, least reliable, etc.

February 14, 2019 36


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

ii) Purposive /Judgmental sampling method


• In this method, the investigator purposively selects certain units as to who will provide the
best information for the purpose of the study.
• the research can use his research skill and prior knowledge/experience to choose respondents.
 Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where:
• You need to reach a targeted sample quickly

February 14, 2019 37


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

For example,
• a judgment sample of college students might be taken to secure reactions to a new method of teaching
• Test markets selected to determine the potential of a new product.
Advantage:
• reduced cost and time involved in acquiring the sample.
Disadvantage
• selection of biased samples.

February 14, 2019 38


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--
iii) Quota Sampling
 In this technique, the population is segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups (just as in
stratified sampling),
 and then a non-random set of observations is chosen from each subgroup to meet a
predefined quota.
 In quota sampling, you select sample members according to some fixed quota.
 This method is the non-probabilistic analogue of stratified random sampling.

February 14, 2019 39


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--
Example:
A researcher decided to take a sample of 200 people in w/c 40% are smokers & 60% are non-smokers. This
means that the researcher divide the population in two strata smokers & non-smokers, then based on the
proportion the researcher can choose the sample on demanded.

Advantage
• many sectors of the population are represented.
Disadvantage:
• It is not free from error
• High risk of biasness

February 14, 2019 40


Steps --- 4.3.2. Methods of sampling ---( Non-Probability)--

iv) Snow ball / chain orreferral ornetwork / sampling


• Snowball sampling is the process of selecting a sample using networks.
• In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your
study. You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria.
• Subsequent respondents are selected based on the referrals.
• It is especially useful when you are trying to reach populations that are inaccessible or hard to find.
For example, you may want to study the topic on “role of family income on female dropouts in Adigrat
University”. Using snowball sampling you can ask one female dropout and ask her to recommend you
another dropout she knew and so on.

February 14, 2019 41


Steps --- 4.3.3. Sample size Determination

Sample size- refers to the number of items to be selected from the population to constitute a sample
 The size of sample should be optimum. i.e.,
 The size of sample should neither be excessively large, nor too small.
 If it too small, it may not serve to achieve the objectives and if it is too large, we may incur huge cost
and waste resources.
 An optimum sample may be defined as the one that satisfies the requirements of representativeness,
flexibility, efficiency, and reliability.
 Larger samples will generally give more precise information about the population.

February 14, 2019 42


Steps --- 4.3.3. Sample size Determination-------
Size of the sample can be determined by a researcher keeping in view the following points:
Sample size determination is influenced by:
 Nature of the population-
• If the items of the population are homogeneous, a small sample can serve the purpose.
• If the items are heterogeneous, a large sample would be required.
 Number of classes proposed
• If many class-groups (groups and sub groups) are to be formed, a large sample would be required
because a small sample might not be able to give a reasonable number of items in each class groups.
 Nature of the study
• If items are to be intensively and continuously studied, the sample should be small.
• For a general survey the size of the sample should be large.

February 14, 2019 43


Steps --- 4.3.3. Sample size Determination-------
 Standard of accuracy and acceptable confidence level
• If the standard of accuracy or the level of precision is to be kept high, we shall require relatively larger
sample.
 Availability of finance
• In practice, size of the sample depends upon the amount of money available for the study purposes.
 Other considerations
 Nature of units
 Size of the population
 Size of the questionnaire,
 Availability of trained investigators
 The condition under which the sample is being conducted
 The time available for completion of the study

February 14, 2019 44


Steps --- 4.3.3. Sample size Determination -------
A Simplified Formula For Proportions:
 There are various formula for sample size determination.
 Yamane’s formula With an assumption of 95% confidence level, is widely used for determining sample
size.
 Yamane Taro (1967:886) provides a simplified formula:

Where; n = the sample size; N = the population size and


e= is the level of precision.

***//***
February 14, 2019 45

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy