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Structures I

This document provides an introduction to structural analysis and idealization. It defines structures as assemblages of members like bars and cables that transmit loads to foundations. Structures can be statically determinate or indeterminate depending on whether equilibrium equations alone determine member forces. The document also discusses idealizing real structures for analysis by simplifying geometry, materials, and loads. It describes different support and connection types like roller, pinned, and fixed supports.

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63 views23 pages

Structures I

This document provides an introduction to structural analysis and idealization. It defines structures as assemblages of members like bars and cables that transmit loads to foundations. Structures can be statically determinate or indeterminate depending on whether equilibrium equations alone determine member forces. The document also discusses idealizing real structures for analysis by simplifying geometry, materials, and loads. It describes different support and connection types like roller, pinned, and fixed supports.

Uploaded by

chile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structures I

Introduction
A structure may generally be defined
as an assemblage of members, such
as: bars, cables, arches, etc.
The main purpose of a structure is
transmit external loads to the
foundation or adjoining structure
Introduction
From a point of view of analysis a structure may be
defined as:
(a) Statically determinate, or
(b) Statically indeterminate
• Statically determinate
If the forces in the members of a structure as well
as its reactions can be found by conditions of
equilibrium (i.e., ∑H=0, ∑V=0 and ∑M=0) or the
principle of statics alone, it is known as a
statically determinate structure.
Introduction
• Statically indeterminate
If the forces in the members of a structure as
well as its reaction cannot to be found out by
condition of equilibrium or the principle of
statics alone, it is known as a statically
indeterminate or redundant structure.
In such cases equations of equilibrium are
supplemented by equations of compatibility
of deformation
Introduction
• Statically indeterminate, cont’d
The number of unknown forces or reactions,
over and above the equilibrium equations is
known as degree of indeterminacy or degree
of redundancy
A statically indeterminate structure may further
be classified into:
(a) Internally indeterminate, and/or
(b) Externally indeterminate
Introduction
• Internally indeterminate structure
A frame or truss is called a perfect one or statically
determinate if the number of members and
number of joints expressed by the relation;
n= 2j-3
Where; n is the number of members and j is the
number of joints.
The number of members which are greater than 2j-3,
is called the degree of indeterminacy.
Introduction
• Externally indeterminate structures
A frame or a truss whose reactions can not be
found out by the conditions of equilibrium alone
is called an externally indeterminate structure
The number of extra reactions over and above the
equilibrium equations, is called the degree of
redundancy
Note a truss may be either internally or externally
indeterminate, or both
Section b

Structural Idealisation
Structural Idealisation
It is not possible to undertake an exact analysis
of a structure, because:
• Real structures have complex geometries that
are never exactly at time of analysis;
• Structures that are supposed to be straight are
never exactly straight;
• Cross-sectional dimensions that are supposed
to be uniform along the member are never
exactly uniform;
Structural Idealisation
• The rotational capacity of connections between
structural members and structural supports are
never known precisely;
• Real materials have properties that vary from
point to point in a structure and the actual
variation and distribution of material properties is
never known with a great deal of precision; and
• The magnitude and distribution of the loads
imposed on a structure are rarely known
accurately.
Structural Idealisation
Structural analysis is therefore undertaken on an
idealised structure, where simplifying
assumptions are made concerning;

• The geometry of the structure and its


supports;
• The material properties; and,
• The applied loads.
Idealisation
These simplifying approximations introduce errors, some
small and some not so small
However, the aim of the idealisation is to simplify the
analysis, so that:
• Calculated loads;
• Internal actions, reactions;
• Stresses; and
• Deformations
Are not too different from those in the real structure and
adequately describe the behaviour of the structure
From Real to Idealised
Support and Connection Types
• Structural systems transfer their loading
through a series of elements to the ground.
• The joining of the elements at the intersection
has to be designed.
• Each connection is designed to transfer, or
support a specific type of load or loading
condition.
• Structural steel systems will have either bolted
or welded connections
Support and Connection Types
• Precast reinforced concrete systems can be
mechanically, while cast in place systems
normally have monolithic connections.
• Timber systems are connected by nails, bolts,
glue or by engineered connectors.
No matter the material, the connection must be
designed to have a specific rigidity:
• Rigid, stiff or fixed (at one extreme)
• Hinged or pinned (at the other)
Support Types
The three types of connections which join a built
structure to its foundation are:
• Roller
• Pinned, and
• Fixed
• Simple support (not always found in building
structures)
Roller Supports
• Roller supports are free to rotate and translate
along the surface upon which the roller rests
• The surface can be horizontal, vertical or
sloped at an angle.
• The resulting reaction force is always a single
force that is perpendicular to, and away from
the surface
• Roller supports are commonly located at the
end of long bridges
Roller supports
Pinned Support
A pinned support can resist both vertical and
horizontal forces but not a moment.
Examples of Pinned Supports
Fixed Support
Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal
forces as well as moment.
They restrain both rotation and translation, they
are also known as rigid support.
This means that the structure needs only one
fixed support in order to be stable, all three
equations of equilibrium are satisfied.
Examples of Fixed Supports
Simple Supports
Simple supports are idealised by some to be
frictionless surface supports.
The resulting reaction is always a single force
that is perpendicular to and away from the
surface.
Similar to roller supports but different in that
simple supports cannot resist lateral loads of
any magnitude.
Examples of Simple Supports

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