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HCI Lecture 07 EMCS 20190322

Cognitive models attempt to represent the users as they interact with a system, modeling aspects of their understanding, knowledge, intentions or processing. We divided cognitive models into three categories: - The first described the hierarchical structuring of the user’s task and goal structures. The GOMS model and CCT were examples of cognitive models in this category. - The second category was concerned with linguistic and grammatical models, which emphasized the user’s understanding of the user–system dialog. BNF and TAG were described as examples in this category. - The third category of cognitive models was based on the more solid understanding of the human motor system. KLM was used to provide rough measures of user performance in

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39 views

HCI Lecture 07 EMCS 20190322

Cognitive models attempt to represent the users as they interact with a system, modeling aspects of their understanding, knowledge, intentions or processing. We divided cognitive models into three categories: - The first described the hierarchical structuring of the user’s task and goal structures. The GOMS model and CCT were examples of cognitive models in this category. - The second category was concerned with linguistic and grammatical models, which emphasized the user’s understanding of the user–system dialog. BNF and TAG were described as examples in this category. - The third category of cognitive models was based on the more solid understanding of the human motor system. KLM was used to provide rough measures of user performance in

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MD Parves
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cognitive models

Cognitive models

• goal and task hierarchies

• linguistic

• physical and device

• architectural
Cognitive models

• They model aspects of user:


– understanding
– knowledge
– intentions
– processing

• Common categorisation:
– Competence vs. Performance
– Computational flavour
– No clear divide
Goal and task hierarchies

• Mental processing as divide-and-conquer


• Example: sales report
produce report
gather data
. find book names
. . do keywords search of names database
. . . … further sub-goals
. . sift through names and abstracts by hand
. . . … further sub-goals
. search sales database - further sub-goals
layout tables and histograms - further sub-goals
write description - further sub-goals
goals vs. tasks

• goals – intentions
what you would like to be true
• tasks – actions
how to achieve it

• GOMS – goals are internal

• HTA – actions external


– tasks are abstractions
Issues for goal hierarchies

• Granularity
– Where do we start?
– Where do we stop?
• Routine learned behaviour, not problem
solving
– The unit task
• Conflict
– More than one way to achieve a goal
• Error
Techniques

• Goals, Operators, Methods and


Selection (GOMS)

• Cognitive Complexity Theory (CCT)

• Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)


GOMS

Goals
– what the user wants to achieve

Operators
– basic actions user performs

Methods
– decomposition of a goal into subgoals/operators

Selection
– means of choosing between competing methods
GOMS example

GOAL: CLOSE-WINDOW
. [select GOAL: USE-MENU-METHOD
. MOVE-MOUSE-TO-FILE-MENU
. PULL-DOWN-FILE-MENU
. CLICK-OVER-CLOSE-OPTION
GOAL: USE-CTRL-W-METHOD
. PRESS-CONTROL-W-KEYS]

For a particular user:

Rule 1: Select USE-MENU-METHOD unless another


rule applies
Rule 2: If the application is GAME,
select CTRL-W-METHOD
Cognitive Complexity Theory

• Two parallel descriptions:


– User production rules
– Device generalised transition networks

• Production rules are of the form:


– if condition then action

• Transition networks covered under


dialogue models
Notes on CCT

• Parallel model
• Proceduralisation of actions
• Novice versus expert style rules
• Error behaviour can be represented
• Measures
– depth of goal structure
– number of rules
– comparison with device description
Problems with goal hierarchies

• a post hoc technique

• expert versus novice

• How cognitive are they?


Linguistic notations

• Understanding the user's behaviour and


cognitive difficulty based on analysis of
language between user and system.
• Similar in emphasis to dialogue models

• Backus–Naur Form (BNF)


• Task–Action Grammar (TAG)
Backus-Naur Form (BNF)

• Very common notation from computer science


• A purely syntactic view of the dialogue
• Terminals
– lowest level of user behaviour
– e.g. CLICK-MOUSE, MOVE-MOUSE
• Nonterminals
– ordering of terminals
– higher level of abstraction
– e.g. select-menu, position-mouse
Example of BNF

• Basic syntax:
– nonterminal ::= expression
• An expression
– contains terminals and nonterminals
– combined in sequence (+) or as alternatives (|)

draw line ::= select line + choose points + last point


select line ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE
choose points ::= choose one | choose one + choose points
choose one ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE
last point ::= pos mouse + DBL CLICK MOUSE
pos mouse ::= NULL | MOVE MOUSE+ pos mouse
Measurements with BNF

• Number of rules

• Number of + and | operators

• Complications
– same syntax for different semantics
– no reflection of user's perception
– minimal consistency checking
Task Action Grammar (TAG)

• Making consistency more explicit

• Encoding user's world knowledge

• Parameterised grammar rules

• Nonterminals are modified to include


additional semantic features
Physical and device models

• The Keystroke Level Model (KLM)


• Buxton's 3-state model

• Based on empirical knowledge of human


motor system
• User's task: acquisition then execution.
– these only address execution
• Complementary with goal hierarchies
Keystroke Level Model (KLM)

• lowest level of (original) GOMS


• six execution phase operators
– Physical motor: K - keystroking
P - pointing
H - homing
D - drawing
– Mental M - mental preparation
– System R - response

• times are empirically determined.


Texecute = TK + TP + TH + TD + TM + TR
Architectural models

• All of these cognitive models make


assumptions about the architecture of
the human mind.
• Long-term/Short-term memory
• Problem spaces
• Interacting Cognitive Subsystems
• Connectionist
Summary
• Cognitive models attempt to represent the users as they interact
with a system, modeling aspects of their understanding, knowledge,
intentions or processing.

We divided cognitive models into three categories:

• The first described the hierarchical structuring of the user’s task and
goal structures. The GOMS model and CCT were examples of
cognitive models in this category.

• The second category was concerned with linguistic and grammatical


models, which emphasized the user’s understanding of the user–
system dialog. BNF and TAG were described as examples in this
category.

• The third category of cognitive models was based on the more solid
understanding of the human motor system. KLM was used to provide
rough measures of user performance in terms of execution times for
basic sequences of actions.

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