Petroleum Products

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Shiv Om Meena Arpan Kishor Tripura
(Assistant Professor) (2016UCH1463)
Pradhum Mishra
(2016UCH1465)
 Petroleum Products
1

Kerosene Gasoline Lubricants 18

27

11
LPG Naphtha
Crude 3

Oil 28
12
Diesel Waxes

Gasoline Naphtha LPG Diesel

Tar Gas Oil Asphalt Others Jet fuel Asphalt
GASOLINE
 What is Gasoline?
 Gasoline or petrol is a derivative
product of crude oil.
 It is derived during fractional
distillation process and has a
translucent liquid form.
 It's not used in its crude form.
Different additives are added to use
it as fuel for passenger vehicles.
 In the US and Latin countries, term
gasoline is used, but in Europe and
Asian countries it's called petrol.
 Production of Gasoline
• Crude oil distillation process is called fractional
distillation.
• The oil is first pumped into a furnace and heated
to over 600°F (316°C).
• The vapors rise into the fractionating column,
which may be as tall as 150 feet (46 m).
• The vapors cool as they rise through the column.
• The heavier molecules will condense first lower in
the tower and the lighter molecules will condense
higher in the tower.
• Natural gases, gasoline, and kerosene are
released near the top. Heavier compounds used
in the manufacture of plastics and lubricants are
removed lower in the tower.
 Properties that determine the
performance of gasoline
Gasoline is a mixture of paraffins (alkanes), olefins
(alkenes) and cycloalkanes (naphthenes).
• Octane Rating could be higher.
• Sulfur content should be very low.
• Heat of vaporization could be higher.
 Applications of Gasoline
• Cars, sport utility vehicles, light trucks, and
motorcycles
• Recreational vehicles and boats
• Small aircraft
• Equipment and tools used in construction, farming,
forestry, and landscaping
• Electricity generators for portable and emergency
power supply
LUBRICANTS
 What is a Lubricant?
• Lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce
friction between surfaces in mutual contact.
• It reduces the heat generated when surfaces move.
• It’s functions are- Transmitting forces, transporting
foreign particles, heating and cooling surfaces.
• The property of reducing friction is called Lubricity.
 Properties of Lubricants
• High flash point • Cooling property
• Anti-freezing • Pour point
• Corrosion prevention • Thermal stability
• Lubricity • High viscosity index
 Classification of Lubricants
Based on the shear strength of lubricant or
molecular state, lubricants are classified in four
categories.
• Solid lubricants
• Semi-Solid lubricants
• Liquid lubricants
• Gaseous lubricants
 Working of Lubricants
• Lubricate engine or • Increase engine or
machinery parts machinery’s lives
• Reduce friction • Cooling the engine
• Reduce corrosion • Keep moving parts apart
• Reduce noise • Seal for gas leakage
• Prevent rust • Cleaning
• Increase engine
machinery’s efficiency
NAPHTHA
 What is Naphtha?
• Naphtha is a term applied to refined or partly refined low-
to-medium boiling petroleum distillate fractions
• contaning C6 to C10 carbon
• Properties:-
molecular weight = 100-215g/mol
density = 750-785kg/m3
vapour pressure = <666 Pa
boiling point = 130-220 °C
 Production
Crude oil Desalter Preheater ADU naphtha
drawn form top section of ADU

Residue to VDU
Route of naphtha from ADU to useful products

Fraction Approx. Boiling Further Processing Final Products

Point Range o F
Light Naphtha 80 -185 Hydrotreater Gasoline
Heavy Naphtha 185 – 390 Catalytic Reformer aromatics
 Types of Naphtha
The different naphthas can be distinguished by :-
• density (g/ml or specific gravity)
• PONA, PIONA or PIANO analysis, which measures (usually
in volume percent but can also be in weight percent):
– Paraffin content (volume percent)
– Isoparaffin content (only in a PIONA analysis)
– Olefins content (volume percent)
– Naphthenes content (volume percent)
– Aromatics content (volume percent)
 Uses of Naphtha
• precursor to gasoline and other liquid fuels
• solvents (diluents) for paints
• dry-cleaning solvents
• solvents for cutback asphalts
• solvents in rubber industry
• solvents for industrial extraction processes.
• Turpentine, the older and more conventional solvent for
paints has now been almost completely replaced by the
cheaper and more abundant petroleum naphtha
WAXES
 What is Wax ?
• Petroleum wax, any wax obtained from petroleum,
including paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and
petrolatum(petroleum jelly). By comparison, animal and
vegetable waxes are generally higher in cost, which are
made up of costly bees wax and spermaceti.
• contains n-paraffins, iso-paraffins and naphthenes in the
range of C18 – C70 .
 Types
• paraffin wax, consists of normal and slightly
branched paraffins and has a relatively crystal
structure.
• microcrystalline wax, consists of considerable quantity of
branched chain hydrocarbons, differs from paraffin wax in
size and shape of wax crystals.
• Petrolatum, consists of microcrystalline wax
and heavy residual oils.
 Production
• Slack wax(feedstock), obtained from the dewaxing of
refined and un-refined vacuum column fractions undergoes
further process as
1.Paraffin wax
Sweating &
Slack Wax 2.Microcrystalline
Purification wax

Acid Treatment
3.Patrolactum
and Purification
 Used in:
• match industry
• candle manufacture
• textiles
• paper waxing
• rubber industry
• petroleum jelly (vaseline), crayons etc.
 REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline
• http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Gasoline.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant
• https://www.slideshare.net/ZahirKhan9/lubrication-ppt
• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/fsc432/sites/www.e-
education.psu.edu.fsc432/files/Lesson4/Lesson4Fig2.png
• http://www.maveng.com/index.php/business-
streams/industrial/refining/atmospheric-distillation
• http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Naphtha
• Prasad, Ram(2008).Petroleum Refining Technology. Khanna
Publisher(Pg.156-162).
THANK YOU