It is a tool for managing the impacts of an

organisation’s activities on the environment by

providing a structured approach to planning and
implementing environment protection measures.
 EMS MODEL
Plan- The objectives and
processes necessary to
deliver results in accordance
to the organizations
environmental policy is
established.

Do- Implementation of the Process.

Check- Monitoring the established objectives and

processes and subsequently reporting the results.

Act- Action is taken for continual action.

 Environmental
policy

Planning

Implementing

Checking
Management Takes Action

Continual Improvement
To develop an EMS, an organization has to set the targets
for reducing the impacts on the environment and to
device methods to achieve the targets. The components
are-

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY:
This is a statement of what an organization wants to
achieve from EMS in compliance with its
environmental activities.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION:

This is achieved by conducting environmental audits.
3. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS:
An environmental audit is the basis of determination
of an organization’s objectives and targets.

4. CONSULTATION:
The staff and community consultation should be
undertaken before, during and after the
establishment of EMS.

5. OPERATIONAL & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES:

All procedures should be reviewed before
documentation and the procedures should be
compatible with organization’s objectives & targets.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN:
This is a detailed method of procedures of an
organization, for meeting its objectives.

7. DOCUMENTATION:
All objectives, policies, responsibilities,
procedures, formats should be properly
documented.

8. RESPONSIBILITIES & REPORTING STRUCTURES:

The responsibility to each member of the
organization is to be allocated and documented
for the effective implementation of EMS.
9. TRAINING:
Proper training should be imparted to all staff
members to make them aware of their
responsibilities.

10. REVIEW AUDITS AND MONITORING COMPLIANCE:

Review audits should be taken regularly to ensure
the proper implementation of EMS.

11. CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT:

The audit report should be reviewed and the
actions should be taken on the non-compliances of
the system. In case the organization meets with all
the objectives of the existing system, new targets are
set for continual improvement.
Manufacturing and processing facilities are growing
day by day but apart from providing the city with the
essential inputs and means to earn living , they also
have adverse effects on the local environment.
Therefore, it is essential for the industries to have
environmental accountability before they are set up.
This can be done using Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA).
Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is
defined as a formal process used to predict the
environmental consequences of any
developmental project.

EIA ensures that the potential problems of any

development processes are foreseen and taken
care of at an early stage in the project planning
and design.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECTS

Before starting a major project, it is essential to assess

the present environment without taking into account
the project. So for analysis of the impacts, EIA should
have following objectives:-
1. Impact of the project on the environment after its
completion.
2.Find ways and means to reduce the negative impacts.
3. Shape the project to make it conducive to the
environment.
4.Present the predictions and viable options to policy
makers .
 Positive Impacts
of developing new projects

1. Increase in the small scale industries.

2. Increase in employment to the

local people.

3. Improved standards of living because of

improved infrastructures
 Negative Impacts
of developing new projects

1. Deterioration in the quality of local environment.

2. Deforestation which may subsequently lead to soil
erosion.
3. Natural flora and fauna is distributed which
disturbs the ecosystem.
4 It may lead to increased level of noise pollution.
• Some of the environmental parameters which
are likely to be affected in large scale projects

* AIR QUALITY
* LAND QUALITY
(land use , soil erosion , geology)
* WATER QUALITY
(surface and ground water)
* PUBLIC HEALTH
* NOISE POLLUTION
* NATURAL FLORA AND FAUNA
(ecology)
* SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
(employment, rehabiliation etc )
A carbon credit is a generic term for any
tradable certificate or permit representing the
right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the
mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon
dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) to one tonne of
carbon dioxide.
One of the environmental threats our planet is
facing today are the long term changes in the
earth’s temperature and climatic pattern. This is
known as Global Climate Change.

In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and

established legally binding obligations for developed
countries. Kyoto mechanism aimed to solve the
problem of global warming by setting target levels of
nations to reduce the green house emissions (CO2, CH4,
N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) to 5.2% below 1990 level by the
year 2012.
 Carbon Trading And Carbon Credits
Carbon trading is a part of the large emission trading which is a
method to control pollution by using economic incentives. In
emission trading a central authority such as a government or an
international body like the European Union sets a limit on the
amount of emitted pollutants. The allowance to emit pollution is
called credit and if the pollutant emitted is carbon-dioxide, it is
called carbon credit. If an industry or a company exceeds its
emission level it will have to buy the extra allowance or credits
from the countries which pollute less.
Kyoto protocol has three innovative mechanisms
for reducing the green house emissions:
1. JOINT IMPLEMENTATION (JI):
It is a project based mechanism in which the
developed countries (Annexure 1 countries)
can reduce their emission targets through
joint projects with other Annexure 1
countries. The investors could be Govt.
companies, private sectors etc. which will
participate in the project activities of the host
country to generate Emission reduction units
(ERUs) to use them for compliance with
targets under the Kyoto protocol.
2. . CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM):
This mechanism was established for project
based emission reduction activities in the
developing country.

The main objective of the mechanism is to

meet the sustainable development needs of
the host country which is a developing
country. This would help in reducing the
emissions level of green house gases of the
developed country which has invested in the
projects in host country.
3. INTERNATIONAL EMISSION TRADING (IET):
In this mechanism, a country may allocate
permits to individual companies for the emission
of a certain quantity of green house gases
allotted by the Kyoto mechanism.

If a country is incapable of meeting its target, it

could buy permits from other countries.

Similarly companies within a country that can

reduce their emissions limits to a level lower than
allowed limit can sell or trade their excess carbon
credits to other polluting countries.
 Merits of Carbon Credits
• This allows the total quantum of emissions to
be controlled without having to micromanage
emissions by each firm.
• This concept penalizes the party polluting the
environment by making it pay for the credit
while the seller is rewarded monetarily.
 Demerits of Carbon Credits
• Instead of policies that reduce emission, strict
regulations and penalties for polluters, this trading
provides elaborate get out clauses for the biggest
polluters.
• Carbon trading is a new form of colonialism where the
developed countries would continue to pollute the
atmosphere by buying the credits from the developing
countries.
• Licenses and credits will have no value without
effective enforcement as the companies or industries
may find it far less expensive to corrupt inspectors than
to purchase emission licenses.
This act was enacted by the parliament in 1974
for preventing and abating water pollution.
Under this act, the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) was constituted to promote
cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas
of the state.
CPCB is entrusted with the powers and functions.
It serves as a field formation and also provides
technical services to the Ministry of
Environment and Forests under the provisions of
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
It Co-ordinates the activities of the State Pollution
Control Boards by providing technical assistance
and guidance and also resolves disputes among
them. It is the apex organization in country in the
field of pollution control, as a technical wing of
MoEF. The board is led by its chairman, who is
nominated by the Central Government.
The CPCB is authorised to discharge the following
actions:
 Advise the Central Govt. on any matter pertaining to prevention
and control of water pollution.

 Co-ordinate the activities of the state pollution control boards and

resolve disputes among them.

 Carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to

prevention/causes of water pollution.

 Plan and organize training of persons to be engaged in programs for

the prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.

 Prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and

disposal of sewage and trade effluents.

 Establish or recognize a laboratory for analysis of samples of water

or sewage.
 Under this act, the State Pollution Control
Boards have the following function:
• To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention,
control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in
the state.
• To collaborate with CPCB for training to personnel.
• To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for
the treatment of sewage or trade effluents
• To review plans, specifications or other data relating to
setting up of sewage treatment plants, water treatment
plants etc.
• To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of
sewage and trade effluents.
• To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade
effluents on land.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 an Act of the Parliament of India for
the prevention, control and abatement of air
pollution.
• Advise the Central Govt. on matter concerning
the improvement of the quality of air and
prevention , control and abatement of
pollution.
• Plan the programme which is to be executed
as a nationwide program for the prevention ,
control and abatement of pollution.
• Co-ordinate the activities of the state and
resolve the disputes among them.
• Provide technical assistance and guidance to
State boards.
• Lay down the standards for quality of air.
• Collect compile and publish technical data and
provide methods for its effective prevention,
control or abatement and prepare manuals,
codes or guides related to it.
This was enacted by the parliament in 1986 to protect and
improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution
from all sources and prohibit the setting of any industrial
facilities on environmental grounds.
Powers of Central Govt. to take measures to protect
environment are :-
1. Coordination of actions by State Govt.

2. Planning and executing of nation wide program for prevention

of environmental pollution.

3. Laying down standards for quality of the environment in its

various aspects.

4. Restriction of areas where industrial activities could not be

carried out without adequate safeguards.
5. Laying down procedures and safeguards for prevention of
accidents which may harm the local environment

6. Examination of manufacturing processes, materials and

substances that might cause harm to the environment.

7. Inspection of any premises ,plant equipment, machinery,

manufacturing or other processes and take necessary
restrictive measures.

8. Establishment or recognition of Environmental

Laboratories

9. Preparation of manuals codes and guides to prevent and

control environmental pollution.
Some Important aspects of this acts :-
1.Persons handling hazardous substances shall
follow safeguards prescribed under
(A)Hazardous wastes Rules, 1986
(B)Manufacturing ,storage and usage of Hazardous Chemicals
Rules,1989
(C)Rules for manufacture, use , import, export and storage of Hazardous
micro- organisms.
2.Persons running industries cannot discharge any
environmental pollutants in excess to the
prescribed standards.
 It is an act for the protection of wild animals , birds
and plants and for matters connected therewith . It
extends to the whole of India except the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. The major activities and
provisions in the act can be summed up as follows :
1. It provides for the appointment of wildlife advisory
Board, Wildlife warden, their powers and duties
2. Protection to some endangered species .
3. Chief wild life warden may grant a permit to any person
to hunt such animal , if any wild animal has become
dangerous to human life or is disabled or diseased as to
be beyond recovery in writing and stating the reasons.
Any wild animal killed or wounded in defence of any
person shall be government property .
4. Chief wild life warden may grant a permit to any person
in writing and stating the reasons on payment of such
fee that is prescribed for the purpose of education ,
scientific research , scientific management, collection of
specimens or preparation of snake venom for the
manufacture of life saving drugs .

5.No person shall wilfully pick , uproot , damage , destroy ,

acquire or collect any specified plant from any forest
land and any area specified by Central Government.

6. No person shall cultivate a specified plant except under

and in accordance with the a license granted by the Chief
wild life warden or any other government official .
7. The act provides the declaration of sanctuary and
national parks.

8. There is a restriction on entry in sanctuary . The chief

wild life warden may , on application, grant to any
person to permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary for all
or any purpose namely investigation, photography ,
scientific research, tourism etc.

9. It provides for legal power to officers and punishment to

the offenders.

10. This act gives the power to Central Government and

State Governments to make rules.
This is an act to provide for the conservation of the forests
and for matters connected therewith. It extends to the
whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Under Section 2; Reduction on the de-reservation of
forests for non-forest purpose.
The State Governments with prior approval from Central
Govt. can issue order directing

I. that any reserved forest or any portion thereof, shall

cease to be reserved;
II. that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used
for any non-forest purpose;
III. that any forest land or any portion thereof may be
cleared of trees which have grown naturally in that land
or portion, for the purpose or using it for re-afforestation
 Under Section 3: Constitution of Advisory Committee

The Central Government may constitute committee

consisting of persons to advise the government with
regard to-
I. The grant of approval, under Section 2: and
II. Any other matter connected with the conservation of
forests which may be referred to by the Central Govt.

 Under Section 3A; Penalty for Contravention of the

Provisions of the Act
Whoever abets the contravention of any of the provisions of
Section 2, shall be punishable with simple imprisonment
for a period which may extend to 15 days.
Under Section 3B: Offences by the Authorities
and Govt Departments, where any offence
under this act has been committed:
a) By the Department of Govt, the head of the
Department; or
b) By any authority, or person who at the time
the offence was committed, was directly in
charge of, and was responsible to, the
authority for the conduct of the business of
the authority shall be deemed to be guilty and
shall be liable to be punished accordingly.
 Under Section 4: Power to make Rules

I. The Central Govt. may, by notification, in the Official

Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of
this act.

 Under Section 5: Repeal and Saving

I. The Forest Conservation Ordinance, 1980 is hereby

replaced.
II. Notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any
action taken under the provisions of the said
Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or
taken under the corresponding provisions of this act.
 Amendments made in forest act in 1992

• Cultivation of tea, rubber, coffee are included

under non-forestry activity
• Exploration and survey of National parks and
Wildlife sanctuaries are totally prohibited.