Lovro Gaćina, Božidar Pučar, Dorian Erić

Lovro Gaćina, Božidar Pučar, Dorian Erić
NASA- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• independent agency of the United States Federal Government
responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and
aerospace research
• President Dwight Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a civilian
orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science
• Since its establishment, most US space exploration efforts have been
led by NASA (Apollo Moon landing, Skylab, Space Shuttle, etc.)
Manned programs
• Project Mercury (1958–1963)
• Project Gemini (1961–1966)
• Apollo program (1961–1972)
• Skylab (1965–1979)
• Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (1972–1975)
• Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)
• International Space Station (1993–present)
• Beyond Low Earth Orbit program (2010–2017)
Project Mercury
• Shortly after the Space Race began, an early objective was to get a person into
Earth orbit as soon as possible
• What to use? (rocket plane tipe or small ballistic space capsules)
• By 1958, the rocket plane concepts were eliminated in favor of the ballistic
capsule.
• When NASA was created that same year, the Air Force program was transferred
to it and renamed Project Mercury.
• On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space
aboard Freedom 7, launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic flight
(low orbit)
• John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit, by an Atlas
launch vehicle on February 20, 1962, aboard Friendship 7, Glenn completed three
orbits
Apollo program
• Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs
ever, it cost more than $213 billion dollars
• Saturn rockets as launch vehicles which were far bigger than the
rockets built for previous projects
• The spacecraft had two main parts, the combined command and
service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM)
• Apollo 8 (second manned mission) brought astronauts for the first
time in a flight around the Moon
• Finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July
1969
• The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was
followed by Buzz Aldrin
• These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and 381.7 kg of
lunar samples
• Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight
• It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit,
and landing humans on another celestial body
• Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission
beyond low Earth orbit to date
• The program spurred advances in many areas of technology
peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight
ISS- International Space Station
• combines NASA's Space Station Freedom project with the Russian
Mir-2 station, the European Columbus station, and the Japanese Kibō
laboratory module (because of budget constraints)
• The ownership and use of the space station is established in
intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station
into two areas Russia and US Orbital Segment
• Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months
on the ISS
• The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, as of
2018, is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit
• The highest number of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen;
this occurred three times during the late Shuttle ISS assembly
missions
• The Soyuz spacecraft delivers crew members, stays docked for their
half-year-long missions and then returns them home
• Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft service the ISS (Russian Progress
spacecraft, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), the
Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), the American Dragon spacecraft,
and the American Cygnus spacecraft and the Space Shuttle (only to
2011)
• The ISS program is expected to continue until at least 2020, and may
be extended beyond 2028
Unmanned programs
• More than 1,000 unmanned missions have been designed to explore
the Earth and the solar system
• The missions have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting
space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a
rocket stage to take it farther
• The first US unmanned satellite was Explorer 1, two months after
Sputnik
• At the creation of NASA, the Explorer project was transferred to the
agency and still continues to this day. Its missions have been focusing
on the Earth and the Sun, measuring magnetic fields and the solar
wind, among other aspects
• Mariner in the 1960s and '70s, is a space unmanned program which made
multiple visits to Venus and Mars and one to Mercury.
• Probes launched under the Mariner program were also the first mane
made object to:
• make a planetary flyby (Mariner 2)
• to take the first pictures from another planet (Mariner 4)
• the first planetary orbiter (Mariner 9)
• the first to make a gravity assist maneuver (Mariner 10)
• Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973
• Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979
• Voyager 2 made the first (and so far only) visits to Uranus and Neptune in
1986 and 1989
• The first spacecraft to leave the solar system was Pioneer 10 in 1983. For a
time it was the most distant spacecraft, but it has since been surpassed by
both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2
Mars rovers
• The first successful landing on Mars was made by Viking 1 in 1976
• In 1996 Mars Pathfinder
• Spirit successfully landed on January 4, 2004
• Opportunity landed successfully on January 25, 2004
• Curiosity landed in the Aeolis Palus plain near "Mount Sharp„ in Gale
Crater on August 6, 2012, and the Curiosity rover is still operational
Questions
• What does NASA stand for
• When was it founded
• Name a few manned missions
• What was the gole of Project Mercury
• Name a few unmanned missions
• What Apollo mission was first to be completely successful
• Who was the first man on the Moon
• When was the Space Shuttle decommissioned
• Name at least one Mars rover made by NASA
Thank you for your attention

Lovro Gaćina, Božidar Pučar, Dorian Erić

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Lovro Gaćina, Božidar Pučar, Dorian Erić

NASA- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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