ANCIEN

T
PERIOD
AMPHITHEATER
AMPITHEAT
ER
originally staged on
the streets, in large
spaces and open
arenas

2
EGYPTI
AN
TEMPLE OF EDFU
Architect/Designer:
Imhotep
TEMPLE OF EDFU
Location: on the west
bank of the Nile in
Edfu, Upper Egypt
Built: in the Ptolemaic
Kingdom (237 and 57
BC)

Inscriptions on walls
provide important
information on
language, myth and
religion during 4
 ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS

Its new 50-minute sound and light

show features dramatic imagery
Stephan Boehme’s tantalizing
soundtrack
The loudspeakers were to steer
clear of the ancient temple walls or
columns. “Most of the loudspeakers are
strategically placed in locations that
comply with the Ministry’s requests such
as the top of walls, inside windows, and
on poles,” says Fahmy.
5
WEST
ASIATIC
ISHTAR GATE
Constructed: Nebuchadnessar
II
 ISHTAR GATE
*Constructed by the Babylonian
King Nebuchadnezzar II circa 575
BCE
*The eighth gate of the city of
Babylon (in present day Iraq) and
was the main entrance into the
city
* the Hanging Gardens as part of
this plan
* the magnificence of the Ishtar
Gate was so well known that it
made the initial list of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.
7
 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
The front of the gate is adorned with
glazed bricks with alternating rows of
dragons and bulls. The beasts are
furnished in yellow and brown tiles,
while the bricks surrounding them
are blue. The blue enameled tiles are
thought to be of lapis lazuli, but
there is some debate to this
conjecture. The gates measured more
than 38 feet (11.5 m) high with a vast
antechamber on the southern side.
The walls are adorned with over 120
sculptural lions, flowers, and 8
GREEK
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN
ZEUS
Architects: Antistates,
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN
ZEUS

The construction of this temple

started in the 6th century BC
and its designs were appointed
to the architects Antistates,
Callaeschrus, Antimachides,
and Porinus. At first, it was
intended to be built out of
limestone in the austere Doric
style and its size was to be the
hugest of all temples.

10
This half-ruined temple is
dedicated to Zeus, the chief of
the Olympian Gods, and that is
how it took its name, the temple
of the Olympian Zeus. It stands
within a walking distance from
the Athens center, only 500 m
southeast of the Acropolis and
700 m south of Syntagma
Square.

11
ROMANS
TEMPLE OF APOLLO PALATINUS
 TEMPLE OF
APOLLO PALATINUS
It was vowed by Octavian in return
for the victory over Sextus
Pompeius at the Battle of
Naulochus in 36 BC and over Mark
Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle
of Actium 31 BC, and was built on
a site where a lightning bolt had
struck the interior of Augustus'
property on the Palatine. It was
dedicated on October 9, 28 BC.
The ludi saeculares, reinstituted by
Augustus in 17 BC and also largely13
Architectural features:
The remains of the
building were excavated in the
1960s by Gianfilippo Carettoni, in an
area sloping steeply down towards
the Circus Maximus. The temple's
precinct (the area Apollinis) was an
artificial terrace (70 x 30 m),
supported on opus quadratum sub-
structures.
It contained an altar
faced with the sculptural group
"Myron's Herd", sited together on an
elaborate base. In the northern part
14
of this terrace the temple was raised
 The temple itself was
in blocks of Carrara marble, with a
pronaos as well as a facade of full
columns on the front and the same
order continued on half columns
against the outside walls of the cella.
In the excavations
different polychromatic terracotta
slabs were recovered with reliefs of
mythological subjects (of the "lastre
Campana" type).
The adjoining library
(bibliotheca Apollinis), according to
the Forma Urbis Romae, was
15
constituted from two apsidal halls,
EARLY
CHRISTIA
NS
SANTA COSTANZA
Architect/Designer:
Constantine
 SANTA
COSTANZA
Built: in Rome, Italy, 350
A.D.

The 4th century church

in Rome, Italy, on the
Via Nomentana.

It is a round building
well preserved original
layout and mosaics. The
mausoleum is of circular
form with an ambulatory17
BYZANTI
NE
HAGIA SOPHIA
 HAGIA SOPHIA
Built: in 537 AD - beginning
of the Middle Ages
* the former Greek Orthodox
Christian patriarchal
cathedral, later an Ottoman
imperial mosque and now a
museum (Ayasofya Müzesi)
in Istanbul, Turkey
* famous in particular for its
massive dome
* the world's largest building
and an engineering marvel of
19
its time
ROMANESQ
UE
SAN MINIATO AL MONTE
Architect/Designer: Unknown
 SAN MINIATO AL
MONTE
* a basilica in Florence, central Italy,
standing atop one of the highest
point in the city
* one of the finest Romanesque
structures in Tuscany and one of the
most scenic churches in Italy.
* Construction (present church) -
1013 by BishopAlibrando
-endowed by the Emperor Henry II
* The adjoining monastery began as
a Benedictine community, then
passed to the Cluniacs and to 21
 SAN MINIATO AL
MONTE
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN:
The geometrically
patterned marble facade
was probably begun in about
1090, although the upper
parts date from the 12th
century or later, financed by
the Florentine Arte di
Calimala (cloth merchants’
guild), who were responsible
for the church’s upkeep from
1288. The eagle which 22
GOTHIC

NOTRE DAME DE
PARIS
 NOTRE DAME DE
PARIS
* meaning "Our Lady of Paris“
* Its pioneering use of the rib
vault and flying buttress, its
enormous and colourful rose
windows, and the naturalism and
abundance of its sculptural
decoration set it apart from the
earlier Romanesque style.Major
components that make Notre
Dame stand out include one of
the world's largest organs and its
immense church bells.
* Sound resonates with the interior
24
ISLAMIC
BLUE MOSQUE
Architect: Sedefkar Mehmed
Agha
Istanbul
* the mosque is known as the
ARCHITECTURAL
Blue Mosque because of blue
FEATURES:
tiles surrounding the walls of
interior design.
* built between 1609 and 1616
years, during the rule of Ahmed
I ( just like many other
mosques, it also comprises a
tomb of the founder)
* Besides still used as a
mosque, the Sultan Ahmed
Mosque has also become a
popular tourist attraction in
Istanbul.
26
RENAISSA
NCE
ST. PETER BASILICA
Architect: Bernardo
Rosselino
ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES:
* an elliptical forecourt
encircled by a Doric
colonnade, derived from Greek
Architecture
* It ends at the facade of Saint
Peter's which is 376 feet wide
and 150 feet high
* Designed by Carlo Maderno,
the facade features a giant
order of Corinthian columns (
90 feet high) and is topped by
thirteen statues.
* At ground level it is 28
BAROQUE

CATHEDRAL OF SANTIAGO
DE COMPOSTELA
 CATHEDRAL OF
SANTIAGO DE
COMPOSTELA
One of the most important
religious structures in the whole
of Spain, particularly because it
marks the end of the 790
kilometer (490 miles) that make
up the Camino de Santiago
pilgrimage route. Located in the
region of Galicia. In the
northwest of Spain. It is a key
attraction much visited by
tourists and locals alike. Read on
30
for more about the history of this
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
* A small church was first built over
the tomb of St. James shortly after
it was discovered in 819 AD
* This was destroyed by al-
Mansur's Moorish army in 1997.
* Construction began in 1060 in
the reign of Alfonso VI and was
completed in 1211.
* The interior of the cathedral,
however, retains its pure Early
Romanesque style.
* The cathedral's facade forms
part of an extended architectural31
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
* the most eye-catching creations of
Spanish Baroque is the western
façade of the cathedral
* florid ornamentation
* The façade reflects the
Churrigueresques façade, the lavish
details of the façade have little
structure use
* Botafumeiro, a large censer which
disperses incense amid the
congregation. Weighing 53 kg (117
lbs) and measuring 1.5 m (4.9 feet),
it is one of the largest in the world
32
and is suspended 20 m (65 feet)
 ARCHITECTURAL
ACOUSTICS:
* In the case of
cathedrals, the choir
position has a significant
condition in the
architectural floor plan,
- it is enclosed by high
stonework walls on three
of its sides, with numerous
wooden stalls inside, has a
noticeable effect on the
sound field.
33
ROCOCO

HELBLING HOUSE
 HELBLING
HOUSE
HISTORY
BACKGROUND:
Built: in the 15th century
The Helbling haus
design helps it to capture
light.
Anton Gigl is responsible
for completing the
Helbling haus, even
though it was named
after Sebastian Helbling,
35
the owner of the building
 HELBLING HOUSE
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
* the icing-like Rocco stucco
decorations, the bows, window frames,
oriels, tympana, mask, sculptures and
shells, design helps to capture the light.
* pastel colors, gold
* highly decorative, with lots of small
details
* ornaments / patterns shape as
shells, flowers, plants, clouds, and coral
(inspired by nature)
* light, elegant, graceful and feminine
36
* asymmetrical shapes
NEO
CLASSICAL
MANILA CITY HALL
Architect: Antonio
Toledo
 MANILA CITY HALL
Civic and government
edifices built during the American
occupation. The Manila City Hall is
one of the key government
buildings constructed in American
Manila.
The Manila City Hall was
designed by architect Antonio
Toledo and was built in 1939. The
city hall is adorned by a hexagonal
tower with three clocks on three of
its facets. According to urban
legends, it was made to look like38 a
MANILA CITY HALL
ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES:
Characterized by clean
and elegant lines, uncluttered
appearance, free standing
columns and massive
appearance.
The building is shaped
like a casket, its design it
said to have drawn
inspiration from shield of the
knight Templar-a Catholic 39
AMERICAN

MANILA METROPOLITAN
THEATER
ARCHITECT : JUAN
* a Philippine Art Deco building near
the Mehan Garden located
on Padre Burgos Avenue near
the Manila Central Post Office
* It was designed by architect Juan
M. Arellano and inaugurated on
December 10, 1931
* theater stood until 1876, when the
old theater was burnt down
* has good acoustics and lighting
and a large seating capacity of 1,670
(846 orchestra, 116 in loge, and 708
in balcony) which housed
performances, operas, concerts,41
 EAST ASIA
JAPANESE PAGODA
Architect/Designer: Empe
ror Ming
 JAPANESE
PAGODA
* 3rd century BCE
* The stupa, a dome shaped
monument, was used as a
commemorative monument
associated with storing sacred
relics.
* In East Asia, the architecture
of Chinese towers and Chinese
pavilions blended into pagoda
architecture, eventually also
spreading to Southeast Asia.
* The pagoda's original purpose
43
was to house relics and sacred
 JAPANESE
PAGODA
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN:
A pagoda is a tiered
tower with multiple eaves,
built in traditions originating
as stupa in historic South
Asia and further developed in
East Asia. Pagodas attract
lightning strikes because of
their height. Many pagodas
have a decorated finial at the
top of the structure, and
44
when made of metal, this
SOUTH
EAST ASIA
GAWDAWPALIN TEMPLE
Architect/Designer: King
Narapatisithu (Founder)
GAWDAWPALIN
TEMPLE
Gawdawpalin
Temple is a Buddhist
temple located in
Bagan, Burma
(Myanmar).
Construction of the
pagoda began during
the reign of
Narapatisithu and
completed on 26 March
1227 during the reign of
46
Htilominlo.
 GAWDAWPALIN
TEMPLE
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
Gawdawpalin Temple is two
storeys tall, and contains three
lower terraces and four upper
terraces. In contrast to the stupas,
the hollow gu-style temple is a
structure used for meditation,
devotional worship of the Buddha
and other Buddhist rituals. The gu
temples come in two basic styles:
"one-face" design and "four-face"
design essentially one main
entrance and four main entrances.47
 TH
19 -
20 TH

CENTU
RY
HEYDAR ALIYEV
CENTER
ARCHITECT: ZARA
HEYDAR ALIYEV
CENTER
The Heydar Aliyev
Centre, constructed over
57,519m², is a complex of
buildings designed by the
Iraqi-British architect, Zaha
Hadid, which stands out for
its architecture and fluid,
curved style which avoids
sharp angles.

49
History background:
The center takes its name from Heydar
Aliyev (1923 – 2003) and is considered the founder
of modern Azerbaijan.
The Center was conceived as a symbol of the
process of the Azerbaijan nation building and of
the country’s recent economic development and
modernization.
Encompassing a gross floor area of over
57,000 square meters, the Center is a multi-
functional venue which accommodates a 1000-seat
auditorium, temporary exhibition spaces, a
conference center, workshops, and a museum.
50
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
* The center is famous for its fluid
shape, a reference to Islamic
calligraphy and to elements of the
traditional Azeri architecture
* the array of column-free functional
spaces of the center is enclosed by a
free-form curvilinear envelope made
in Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete
(GFRC) and Glass Fibre Reinforced
Polyester (GFRP)
* temporary exhibitions of art, science,
and history; music concerts; theatrical
performances; screenings; 51
conferences; workshops; educational
ACOUSTICAL FEATURES:
* The acoustical design of the
auditorium incorporates the
challenge of providing multi-
purpose requirements of the hall.
Considering the conference,
concert and opera uses to
embraced in one single
enclosure, the optimization of the
functional needs through the
acoustical requirements is of
priority.
* The finishing cloth as
announced to be hardwood floor,
wall and ceiling material is 52
21 ST

CENTURY
BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE
CENTER ARCHITECT:
ATKINS
 BAHRAIN WORLD
TRADE CENTER
The Bahrain World Trade Centre
(WTC) on the King Faisal Highway
in Manama is an extension of the
existing five-star Sheraton Hotel
complex (a rejuvenation) and
comprises two 50-storey sail-
shaped commercial office towers,
which taper to a height of 240m
and support three 29m diameter
horizontal-axis wind turbines.
54
 responsive design. Enough buffer
Architectural
spaces havefeatures:
been incorporated
between the external environment
and air-conditioned spaces to
reduce solar gain on the building.
Further, there are deep gravel roofs
that provide kinetic insulation.
Additional high-quality solar
glasses used with low-shading
coefficient reduce the air
temperature of the building.
Balconies to the sloping elevations
with overhangs also provide
appropriate shading. The opaque
fabric elements of the building are
given enhanced thermal insulation.
55
cooling / heating rejection and has
Architectural features:
a high-energy conversion efficiency
contributing to low-carbon
emissions.
Inside the building, dense
concrete core and floor slabs
balance loads and reduce peak
demand contributing to a low use
of air and chilled water transport
systems. Variable-volume chilled
water pumping takes less power to
operate than conventional
pumping.

56
THANK
YOU!