Learning

Objectives
Science
&Technology
(S&T)  To define S&T,
 To compare S&T,
 To identify/enumerate
the different roles of
S&T, and
 To trace the history of
S&T in the world
(interaction of S&T and
society)
 What is science?
 Learning new facts
(discoveries)

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=science+definition&source=lnms&tbm=isch&
sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjPmKTR_tfTAhUIx7wKHYmdBcgQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=
645&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=science+cartoon+images&imgrc=pl2P7ZVhw71-bM:
 What is science?

 Solving
problems
(scientific
method)

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=science+definition&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjPmKTR_tfTAhUIx7wKHYmdBcgQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=645&dpr=
1#tbm=isch&q=climate+change+cartoon&imgrc=pUolAkl0HhjWJM:
What is science?
 theintellectual and
practical activity
encompassing the
systematic study of the
structure and behavior of
the physical and natural
world through
observation and
experiment – Oxford
dictionary

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=science+definition&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjPmKTR_tfTAhUIx7wKHYmdBcgQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=645&dpr=
1#tbm=isch&q=science+definition+cartoon&imgrc=CyB2anvUE1EUzM:
 What is technology?
 Creating/inventing things

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=science+definition&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjPmKTR_tfTAhUIx7wKHYmdBcgQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=64
5&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=technology&imgrc=62wfRSqF1RgKtM:
What is technology?
 Things that fulfill our
needs and desires or
perform certain
functions
 Application of
understanding of
natural laws to the
solution of practical
problems
A brief history of discoveries
S&T in the ancient times (through 599
BCE)
 Divided into 3 periods:
1. Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, & Neolithic)
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the ancient times
 Stone tools have been the first recognized technology (or craft?)
- Wooden tools could have preceded stones by millions of years
 Made by one of our direct ancestors (H. habilis or H. rudolfensis)
2,500,000
years ago
 Early tools were some broken
pebbles, then improved by
flaking pieces off a core,
creating distinctive shapes with
a single cutting edge

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton

Civilization began to arise (manufacturing, trading, villages have rulers,

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
“With the beginnings of metallurgy, the Stone Age of
man comes to an end; with the beginnings of writing,
prehistory comes to an end; with the beginnings of
agriculture, man's parasitism on nature gives way to co-
operation with nature”
– R.J. Forbes
S&T in “Antiquity”: Middle Age
 Started with the rise of Greek civilization
 developed institutions such as the Academy, Lyceum, and
Museum
 were the first to believe that humans could understand the
universe using reason alone rather than through mythology
or religion (philosophers)
 Characterized by war between religion and science (Dark
ages)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the middle ages (530 through
1452)
 Decline of science in Europe
 Use of currency replaced by barter
 Trade ceased entirely
 Poverty was endemic and people suffered from wars,
piracy, famine, and epidemics
 Chinese philosophy developed theories on matter and living
beings

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the middle ages
(530 through 1452)
 Revival of Western science started during the last centuries of
the first millennium
 Technological revolution took place
 Vast improvements in communication and transportation
 Beginnings of the innovative minds

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Renaissance Period (1453 through 1659)
 The depletion of the population of Europe (Black Death)
motivated the smaller communities to find new ways to
function
 New atmosphere encouraged the development of arts,
science and technology
 States recognized the importance of technology for defense
and trade
 Kings engaged engineers to improve their fortifications and
weapons

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Renaissance Period (1453 through 1659)
 Technology became fully accepted
 Many artists, like Leonardo da Vinci, became architects and
technologists
 Mathematics was introduced into universities (became the
basis of the arts and technology)
 Time of colonization, adventure, and exploration

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Scientific revolution
 Started with the publication of Copernicus’s heliocentric
theory and Vesalius’s anatomy
 Opposed by both Catholic Church and the Protestant
Church of Martin Luther
 Much later, the Church lifted its ban on the publication of
works that defended the Copernican system

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Scientific revolution
 Explorers discovered a wealth of previously unknown plants
and animals
 Mathematics introduced various symbols and conventions
(became an almost universal language)
 Galileo Galilie introduced experimentation into science
 Factories operated, patent laws and the stock market began,
and printed books became the means to spread
technological developments
 Design of machines developed into an art (gadgets)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Scientific Method: Measurement and
Communication (1660 through 1734)
 Newton’s Principia became the basis of the scientific method
used in the study of natural phenomena
 Theories were formulated from observations, these theories
were used to predict other phenomena
 Natural phenomena were explained by mathematical laws,
an approach to science not necessarily antagonistic to
religion

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Scientific Method: Measurement and
Communication (1660 through 1734)
 Separation of physics and metaphysics (philosophy) took
place
 Observation and experimentation became the pillars of
scientific activity
 Scientists recorded phenomena in terms of numbers
 Classification of plants, animals, minerals, fossils became a
trend

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Scientific Method: Measurement and
Communication (1660 through 1734)
 Science became a shared activity
 Societies and journals became the means of
communication (printing press)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Enlightenment and the Industrial
revolution (1735 through 1819)
 Emphasizing reasoning and order
 Critical evaluation of previous beliefs in the light of
rationalism
 Began with Linnaean scheme for classifying organisms

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Enlightenment and the Industrial
revolution (1735 through 1819)
 Profound change in philosophical thinking
 Emergence of “mechanical philosophy”, a belief that all
phenomena could be explained by sets of simple
mechanical laws
 Some materialistic philosophers denied the existence of a
spiritual god and viewed nature entirely as a mechanical
system

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Enlightenment and the Industrial
revolution (1735 through 1819)
 Two approaches to philosophy emerged: empiricism
(knowledge comes from experience) and rationalism
(knowledge comes from reasoning)
 reconciled by Immanual Kant
 “Great Chain of Being” envisioned all existence as
continuous

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
The Industrial revolution (18th Century)
 Development of machines that would make work faster or
more efficient
 Interest in thermodynamics rose as a result of the steam
engine
 Concepts of work and power began to be formalized
 Encyclopaedias were the new form of publication
 The profession of engineer was one of the great inventions

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through
1894)
 Much 19th century science started with the discovery of
electromagnetism by Hans Christian Oersted
 Science and the teaching of science underwent a number of
changes
 Many new fields of science were born (Anthropology,
Archaeology, Cell biology, Psychology, Organic Chemistry)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through
1894)
 Science became professional
 Occupation of science became a paid profession
 Universities developed into centers where science flourished
 Teaching of science became linked to scientific research
 Publication of scientific information started
 Scientists started meeting at national scientific congresses
 The idea that science could ultimately explain all
phenomena in nature became stronger

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through
1894)
 The relationship between scientific education and
technological progress became fully understood
 Technical schools were founded
 Scientific thought was much more generally known by the
public (faced general public criticism of some scientific
ideas, e.g. age of the Earth and the theory of evolution by
Darwin)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Rise of modern S&T (1895 through 1945)
 Large number of scientists
 Science became much more of a communal effort
 Science started having an effect on society directly (the
time span between a discovery and its technical
application became shorter)
 Science became highly successful in explaining the
nature of matter, mechanisms of chemical reactions,
fundamental processes of life, and the general structure
of the universe

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Rise of modern S&T (1895 through 1945)
 Quantum theory changed the way philosophers think about
the universe
 Technology did not remain confined to large enterprises only
(became an important part of everyday life)
 Enormous growth of automobile industry
 Electricity revolutionized technology
 Laboratories for testing and development of new products
were established

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Big science and the Post-industrial
society (1946 through 1972)
 Discoveries and inventions reached practical applications as a
result of WW2 (synthetic rubber, radar, DDT, penicillin, fusion
and fission bombs, jet powered aircraft, helicopter, ballistic
missiles, nuclear weapons, and the electronic digital
computer)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Big science and the Post-industrial
society (1946 through 1972)
 Science became “big”
 Equipment/instruments were shared (interdisciplinary)
 Even larger number of scientists, scientists having
specialization
 Science changed society
 Availability of automobiles changed how people migrate
 Automation allowed many manufacturing processes to be
done by less skilled workers

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
 The Information Age
(1973 through present)

Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company.
New York, USA. 2004.
Activity: “Standing on the Shoulders of
Giants”
 What are the major achievements of S&T in the ancient,
middle and modern ages? How about in the Philippines?
 Semi-group activity
 Each member chooses 1 major achievement of the assigned
period (no member should pick the same achievement, as
much as possible, achievements come from different fields)
 Report on HOW IT WORKS and WHAT PUSHED IT TO BE INVENTED
or achieved (historical antecedent)
 Time limit: 3 mins per member, 20 mins per group (max)