DISSERTATION ON

SMART HIGHWAY ,SMART CITY.

Dissertation submitted to the Department of Architecture, RRIMT, Lucknow in partial

fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BY
SAPNA SINGH
B.ARCH 4TH YEAR
1536181011

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AR. VINEET SHARMA and AR. PRIYANKA

RASTOGI

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING, RRIMT, LUCKNOW.

R.R.I.M.T SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING,

BAKSHI KA TALAB, SITAPUR ROAD, LUCKNOW
 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in this B.Arch. dissertation

entitled
“SMART HIGHWAY, SMART CITY”, by “SAPNA SINGH”,
for the award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE from APJ
Abdul Kalam Technical University, has been carried out under my
supervision at
RRIMT School of Architecture & Town Planning, N.H.-24, Bakshi Ka
Talab, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh and that this work has not been
submitted elsewhere for a degree.

(Signature )
Ar. Priyanka Rastogi/ Guide

Date:
 Department Of Architecture
RRIMT, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & TOWN PLANNING,
N.H.-24, BAKSHI KA TALAB, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH
I hereby recommend that the project under my supervision by
SAPNA SINGH entitled “SMART HIGHWAY, SMART CITY”
be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Ar. PRIYANKA SINGH Ar. VINEET SHARMA

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) (DIRECTOR)

Ar. PRIYANKA SINGH

(GUIDE)

(EXTERNAL EXAMINER) (EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Throughout the journey I stepped into a series of people

who flash in my memory without whose support and good will this journey
wouldn’t have been easy and free flowing…

The first and foremost gratitude towards almighty GOD for

his blessings. Who bestowed upon me the courage , patience and strength to
embark this work and carried it to its completion.

It is a good fortune and a matter of pride and privilege for

me to have the esteemed supervision of Ar. Priyanka Rastogi as my guide, who
has inculcated in me the interest and inspiration to undertake the dissertation of
“ SMART HIGHWAY, SMART CITY.”

I would also like to thank Ar. Priyanka Rastogi (Head of

Department) for their encouragement, worthwhile suggestions and constructive
criticism throughout project work.

- SAPNA SINGH
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….…..01

1.2 PROJECT BRIEF ....………………………………………………………...…..03

1.3 AIM…………………………………………………………………………….…...03

1.4 OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………….……04

1.5 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………...05

1.6 SCOPE………………………………………………………………………....….06

1.7 LIMITATION……………………………………………………………….………06

CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE STUDY…………………………………………………………....07

CHAPTER 3

3.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………….……………...…..15
“ SMART HIGHWAY, SMART CITY.”
INTRODUCTION

It is predicted that the world population will reach 9 billion by 2050, of

which 70% will live in urban centres. This change, alongside a changing
climate
Development in all forms is essential for all countries, for this purpose,
various methods are adopted which include economic planning, spatial
planning or/and any other suitable planning. Land use planning in India
came with the emergence of the need for the planned development of
towns and cities. Before independence, the need for planning was not
very much required as the population, and the resource availability has
a good ratio but with the passage of time and increase in population the
condition of urban areas started deteriorating and the need to go for
planned development was emphasized. Before
independence development of towns and cities took place and various
types of cities emerged. The type of the city was predominantly
governed by their locations which played an important role in their
function. For example, port cities were located on coastal areas and
trade through sea routed took place in these cities. Development and
more importantly “planned development” is possible by efficient use of
available resources like land, air, water, soil, forests and other natural
resources. For achieving efficiency and increasing output land use
planning in India gained importance.
Importance of Land Use Planning in India

India being a developing country still has its large population engaged in
agricultural activity but at the same time with a remarkable increase in
GDP and rapid urbanization people are migrating to cities for various
reasons like better job opportunities, health and educational facilities,
better quality of life and to enjoy urban amenities. Because of the rapid
urbanization which is mainly unplanned, the need to use the land
resource in urban areas has become most important. Strain over the
land is increasing at a rapid rate with an increase in population in urban
areas. Farming in urban areas is not done as it is land intensive and
because of this, they rely on the surrounding and the other regions to
meet its requirement. The types and nature of activities taking place are
vast and needs to be managed. This management of activities takes
place by dividing activities into different categories and assigning a color
to them.
The cities of the future have a
lot of new technology to
contend with. In the not-so-
distant future, highways will be
filled with cars driving
themselves, packages will be
delivered by drone,
and levitating trains will move
people even faster than ever
before. The new world of
transportation will need a few
changes beyond just adding a
few highway lanes.
Land use planning in India comes into consideration to manage the
activities taking place in different areas. The activities coming up are
on bases of land use of the particular area which is generally given in
master plan which governs the development of urban areas. Only the
activities which are conforming to the given/ decided master plan are
allowed to take place in that area. This is done so as to avoid conflict
in activities and to reduce the negative impacts of different activities.
For example, industries are not provided near the residential area to
reduce the negative health impact. This management is also done
using zoning which involves segregating different activities in different
places.

PROJECT BRIEF
This dissertation is comprised of 3 parts or chapters. The first part
deals with the introduction to the Land use in india , Objective , Aim
and methodology. Here am mainly dealing with the, uses of highway
land vertically .The second chapter comprises of book reviews and
literature studies regarding the building over highway ,highway
passing through building, focuses on exploring the technologies and
design strategies of the highway land use concept. Chapter 3
Conclusion , bibliography.

AIM
To evaluate the scope of the Smart Highway concept in the building
levels of the future cities. And thereby to analyze how well this
concept can integrated be into the urban future and to resolve the
long-standing paradox of humanity‘s inclination towards exponential
demographic and economic growth while inhabiting a planet of
limited land with increasing population.
OBJECTIVE

Smart highway indicate the use of highway land horizontally or

vertically . In near future, due to increase in population rapidly , the
land area is decreased ,so we have to use land in all possibilities .

• The first research question was to investigate whether enough

energy can be generated onsite to meet the needs of the building.

• The second research question was to investigate the carbon

footprint of produce grown vertically and compare that to produce
grown conventionally .

• The final research question was to investigate how relevant

stakeholders perceive the concept of vertical growth on highway
and what they believe are current barriers and opportunities
towards uptake of the technology.

• The purpose of this investigation was to determine ways to use of

land in energy efficient and sustainable manner from both a
quantitative and qualitative approach.
METHODOLOGY

• Literature reviews to examine the current vertical growth on highway

practices were exhausting our natural resources, and whether it was
sensible to explore other options.

• Knowing the history and overview of urban growth. The history of

urban planning was provided because it offered a sense of the history
and development of the concept, its applications in the past and
today, and the advantages and disadvantages associated.

• An exploration of social perceptions of relevant stakeholders, and this

includes architects, engineers, and the general public.

• Detailed case study on building over highway sky scrapers to know

the design process and approach.

• Comparative studies of other building which situated over highway or

highway passes through building.

• Finding out solutions for the correct implementation of techniques

and materials for the same
SCOPE

1. The reduction of using farming land for city development.

2. .Overall wellness because city development is increasing

rapidly ,we use land in all kind of possibilities ,to decrease
using of farming land.

3. Abandoned or unused properties will be used productively.

4. Water can be used more efficiently in a vertical growth .

5. The water can be used efficiently. The layers of atmosphere

can be used effectively in vertical build ups.

6. The view of city became more beautiful watching from

highway.
7. Less deforestation and land use, this means less erosion
and less flooding.

LIMITATIONS

1. The initial phase will be cost intensive, and certain flaws

integrated in the system that may appear during its initial
run can still dampen efforts for its full maximization.

2. The primary benefit of using site land is the reduction of

costs associated with purchase of new materials. This
section presents potential applications of commonly
produced construction, offers possible applications for land
use. The materials have been qualitatively ranked based on
the effort to implement and potential costs saved.
 The Gate Tower Building

Introduction
The Gate Tower Building, (ゲ ー ト タ
ワ ー ビ ル) with its 16 floors
dedicated to offices, an attic for
machinery and two underground
basements, does not attract attention
by design or height, but because a
highway through the building.
In Osaka, where it was built has been
nicknamed the “Beehive”, referring to
its appearance of “lively and bustling
place.”
History
Since the early Meiji period, companies logging and coal had property
rights on the ground, but the gradual change in society towards other
energy sources caused the deterioration of the buildings sector. In 1983
it was decided to remodel the entire area, but the permits were denied
because he was planning the route of the motorway. When the
development of it was almost finished the problem arose: the small but
crucial piece of land intended to support the center of the exit ramp
Umeda, was owned since 1870, a dying company wood and coal whose
owners were not interested in selling the valuable property rights. As
there was no room to change the ramp, the two sides sat down and
began negotiating
The owners of property rights negotiated with the company Hanshin
Expressway for approximately five years up to the current solution.
Although the vials companies generally buy the land on which they build,
not always reach an agreement for sale, as here, in Japan we can
expropriate the land.
Usually, even in the Japanese country, roads are built above or below
ground, passing through a building is an extremely rare occurrence.
Situation
The Gate Tower Building was built in Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan.
Although the area is mainly residential, has some office buildings and a
shopping area, as well as factories and wholesale business. Since the
late 90s, skyscrapers have been built for both home and office, mainly
due to its proximity to Umeda and business centers Dojima
Concept
The Gate Tower Building is a clear example of urban engineering
skills in Japan, ready to solve with determination potentially thorny
problems and, above all, to reach a consensus regardless of time
and effort required to do so.

Spaces and materials

The building designed by Azusa

Yamamoto-Sekkei and Nishihara Kenchiku
jimusho Sekkei has 16 floors above
ground, two basement and attic floor
dedicated to machinery. With an overall
height of 71.9 meters at its rooftop helipad
was built.
They located over an area of ​760 m2, to
build their 7,956 m2 structural steel frames
and concrete were used.

Construction

Suezawa Sangyo Co. Ltd., which owns the building, was not the only
part in this construction had to make some concessions to
accommodate the exit ramp Umeda. The Hanshin Expressway
Corporation, was required to isolate the building from noise and
vibration, this demand was made in several ways.
•Ramp
On one hand, the ramp is freestanding and is designed as a weighing
bridge rests on pillars. Interestingly, as the closest building pillars are
complemented nicely with the faceted facade of the tower, repeating
his appearance.
Second, where the “dogleg” ramp curves have wrapped the sides of
the building, about 12 meters on each side, with a “silencer” which
thus dampens the sounds of vehicles.
Structure
The building has a dual core construction with a circular cross section.
The Umeda out, towards Ikeda in the system Hanshin Expressway,
passing between the fifth and seventh floors of this building and. The
road is the tenant of those plants. The elevators, which for practical
reasons are located on the outside of the building, passing through these
floors without stopping, stopping amounting 4 floors from the ground
floor and then not up to the 8th floor surface not occupied by the
motorway between the fifth and seventh floors, is used for machinery
and stairs.
The road does not contact the building. Passes through a bridge,
supported by brackets next to the building. The highway is surrounded
by a structure to protect the building against noise and vibration.
In 1995, during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, some sections of the
highway were severely damaged, but the Gate Tower Building and the
sector of the road that crosses were unaffected.
 “Life on the Road”

About 4,000 people live in the four apartment

buildings that straddle the Trans-Manhattan
Expressway on the approach to the George
Washington Bridge.

The New York area has no shortage of places

where public transportation and private
housing overlap in the most voyeuristic of
ways. Commuters lurching toward the New
Jersey side of the Lincoln Tunnel may wonder
what it is like to live in the houses that line the
highway approach to the tunnel. Passengers
aboard the Metro-North train near 125th Street
in Manhattan or the No. 7 subway near the

52nd Street station in Queens may find it impossible to resist peeking

into the apartments that are barely an arm's length from the tracks.

But being close to traffic is one thing. Living directly on top of traffic -
with a ceaseless river of cars and trucks rumbling through your
basement, red brake lights flickering endlessly into your windows - is
quite another. And no one knows that better than the 4,000 residents of
the Bridge Apartments, the four high-rises lined up like dominoes atop
the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, on the upper Manhattan approach to
the George Washington Bridge.

To anyone who listens to traffic reports on the radio, the buildings are
ubiquitously known as "the apartments," as in, "it's slow under the
apartments," or "it's stop-and-go until you get to the apartments." And
inside the building, residents don't need an announcer to tell them how
the bridge traffic is moving.

If the windows are open, the noise is most deafening on the middle
floors, and people inside find that they need to raise their voices to hold
a conversation or talk on the phone. The winds carry vehicle exhaust
upward, which is especially noticeable on the terraces. And on most
floors, the vibrations of trucks can clearly be felt, along with those of
any construction equipment.

.
But if the windows are closed, a typical Bridge apartment does not feel
all that different from any other apartment in New York close to a busy
road. The panoramic views, imbibing everything from the Tappan Zee
Bridge to the Whitestone Bridge, are breathtaking. The location, near
two subway stops and the George Washington Bus Terminal in
Washington Heights, is convenient. And the apartments, while not
cheap, are roomy, modern and rent-stabilized.

So for all the incongruity of living over the highway, many residents end
up doing what countless urban homesteaders have done for
generations: they tolerate the annoyances, savor the pleasures and
develop a hardened brand of urban pluck to become accustomed, even
fond, of their surroundings
Perhaps the biggest wonder is that the relationship between building
and highway is no accident. Unlike other buildings that grudgingly
coexist with a subway line or expressway ramp that came afterward,
the Bridge Apartments were designed to hover over an existing
highway.

In 1960, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey transferred to
the city the air rights of a three-acre area near the bridge. The city
auctioned off those rights to the Kratter Corporation for a little over $1
million, as part of a novel method to build more middle-income housing.

Construction began in 1961 on what was one of the world's first

aluminum-sheathed high-rises, with four concrete platforms providing
the foundation. (From east to west, the buildings are sandwiched
between 178th and 179th Streets at 260 Audubon Avenue, 1370 St.
Nicholas Avenue, 1365 St. Nicholas Avenue and 111 Wadsworth
Avenue.) Three years later, the Bridge Apartments welcomed their first
tenants under the state's Mitchell-Lama program for middle-income
residents.

With 240 units apiece, the 32-story buildings were billed as "New York's
most fabulous big-family opportunity," where residents could "live
luxuriously" in a three-bedroom apartment for $179 a month, utilities
included. Laundry rooms and community rooms occupied the second
floor, while the heating and water systems were placed below the
ground-floor lobby.
 Chicago’s Old Main Post Office

The Old Chicago Main Post Office is a nine-story-tall building in

downtown Chicago. The original building was designed by Graham,
Anderson, Probst & White and built in 1921, but it was expanded
greatly in 1932. Its capacity was needed to serve Chicago's great
volume of postal business, swollen by the mail-order businesses
of Montgomery Ward (the largest retailer in the United States) and
of Sears (its competitor). On May 13, 2016 the building was sold by
English real estate developer Bill Davies, who died the next day.
By late 2019 the structure will include the new Chicago offices
for Walgreens, occupying 200,000 square feet and housing 1,800
employees. In addition, the Ferrara Candy Co. announced that it would
move its headquarters to the Post Office building during 2019, bringing
almost 400 jobs.
The original 1922 structure was a brick-sided mail terminal building,
sited just east of the main building that spans the Eisenhower
Expressway as it turns into Ida B. Wells Drive. Major expansion in
1932 added a total of nine floors for more than 60 acres (24 ha), or
2.5 million square feet (230,000 m²), of floor space. Its footprint, as
initially designed, would have blocked the proposed Congress
Parkway extension; as a compromise, a hole for the Parkway was
reserved in the base of the Post Office and utilized twenty years later
. Competitors Montgomery Ward and Sears combined to make
Chicago "the nation's mail-order capital".(Montgomery Ward, which
became the largest retailer in the United States in the late 1930s, was
eventually passed by Sears, and then was purchased and merged.)
The Old Chicago Main Post Office Redevelopment was an
approved 20-acre (81,000 m2) project on a lot located along
the Chicago River on the southwest side of Downtown
Chicago, Illinois to be constructed in phases over a period of one
decade that would have included the renovation of Chicago's
historic Old Main Post Office building as well as residential, retail,
entertainment and office space. The plan included several towers,
the tallest one being a proposed 120-story mixed use twin tower
skyscraper to stand about 2,000 feet (610 m) high to the roof, which
would have made it the tallest building in the United States ,over 500
feet (150 m) taller than the Willis Tower, containing office, residential,
and hotel space. It would also have included two 60-story residential
towers as well as a 40-story hotel. All the buildings in the
development were to be connected via a ground-level complex that
would have been built over the Chicago River and the Eisenhower
Expressway. More specifically, it was exactly one year and nine
months after acquiring the post office property from the Postal
Service when, Davies unveiled his plan for the Post Office on July
21, 2011.
 St. James's Parish Church

St. James's Parish Church is a church in Ljubljana, the capital

of Slovenia. It is dedicated to St. James the Greater. Its name is
often incorrectly translated as St. Jacob's because Slovene, like
many other languages, uses the same word for
both James and Jacob.
In the late 1920s, the square in front of the church was renovated
by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik, and in the early 1950s by
the architect Boris Kobe. Opposite St. James's Church is Gruber
Mansion, which houses the Slovenian National Archives
The church was built in the Baroque style between 1613 and
1615 on the site of an older Gothic style church, erected in the
early 15th century by the Augustinian Order. In 1598, the old
church was acquired by the Jesuits and thus became the first
Jesuit church in the Slovene Lands and one of the first in
the Inner Austria. The interior was designed by
the Italian architect Francesco Robba, who designed the main
altar, and the Slovene stonemason Luka Mislej, who designed the
entrance portal and the stone side altars. After the Ljubljana
earthquake of 1895, the church was renovated by the Linz-based
architect Raimund Jeblinger and the interiors were redesigned
by Janez Šubic. Nevertheless, much of the original Baroque style
has remained intact.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES:

http://cityobservatory.org/visions-of-a-future-city-part-i/

http://mentalfloss.com/article/85158/cities-future-
might-have-drone-highways
https://inhabitat.com/old-post-office-renovation-will-
give-way-to-massive-development-in-heart-of-
chicago/
https://www.chicagomag.com/real-estate/July-
2018/The-Old-Main-Post-Office-Before-and-After/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Church,
_Barbados

http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=36
82

https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/gate-tower-
building/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/gate-tower-
building