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    Biological Macromolecules

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    Gomez Agustin Leslie
    Here are the answers to your questions: 1. The four basic organic macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2. These four macromolecules are similar in that they are all polymers formed from smaller organic subunits called monomers. They also all contain carbon. 3. The four different macromolecules seem to have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen in common as their main elemental components. 4. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other elements like phosphorus or sulfur. Their main functions include energy storage, structure/support, signaling, catalysis (enzymes), and storing/transmitting genetic

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    Biological Macromolecules

    Uploaded by

    Gomez Agustin Leslie
    955 views26 pages
    Here are the answers to your questions: 1. The four basic organic macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2. These four macromolecules are similar in that they are all polymers formed from smaller organic subunits called monomers. They also all contain carbon. 3. The four different macromolecules seem to have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen in common as their main elemental components. 4. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other elements like phosphorus or sulfur. Their main functions include energy storage, structure/support, signaling, catalysis (enzymes), and storing/transmitting genetic

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    Biological Macromolecules Introduction

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    Here are the answers to your questions: 1. The four basic organic macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2. These four macromolecules are similar in that they are all polymers formed from smaller organic subunits called monomers. They also all contain carbon. 3. The four different macromolecules seem to have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen in common as their main elemental components. 4. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other elements like phosphorus or sulfur. Their main functions include energy storage, structure/support, signaling, catalysis (enzymes), and storing/transmitting genetic

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    955 views26 pages

    Biological Macromolecules

    Uploaded by

    Gomez Agustin Leslie
    Here are the answers to your questions: 1. The four basic organic macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2. These four macromolecules are similar in that they are all polymers formed from smaller organic subunits called monomers. They also all contain carbon. 3. The four different macromolecules seem to have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen in common as their main elemental components. 4. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other elements like phosphorus or sulfur. Their main functions include energy storage, structure/support, signaling, catalysis (enzymes), and storing/transmitting genetic

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The passage discusses the four main types of macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) that make up living organisms, including their building blocks, functions, examples and additional information.

    The four basic organic macromolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are all macromolecules that are composed of smaller repeating units (monomers). They serve important functions in living organisms and contain carbon as a main element.

    An Introduction

    Large molecules
    that are formed by
    joining smaller
    organic molecules
    together.
    MACROMOLECULES
    • Macro= “Large”
    • Also known as polymers.
    Poly= “Many”
    – Many what? Many
    Monomers!
    – Monomers are smaller
    repeating subunits that make *All biological macromolecules
    up polymers are organic molecules,
    – Monomers are the building meaning they contain the
    blocks of polymers! element CARBON.
    Biological Macromolecules
    CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
    LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Carbohydrate Building Blocks
    • Building blocks of
    carbohydrates:
    – Monosaccharides, or
    simple sugar
    • Glucose, Fructose
    Carbohydrate Function

    • Your body's main source of


    energy!
    • Simple sugars provide you with
    fast acting energy
    • Complex sugars (starches) provide
    you with long lasting energy
    • Additional Functions:
    • Structure and support
    Carbohydrate Examples

    • Grains, Pastas, Fruits,


    Vegetables, Sugar, Honey,
    Potatoes

    • Cellulose
    Carbohydrate Additional Info
    • Compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and
    Oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen
    atoms for each carbon
    • (CH2O)n
    • If two monosaccharides join together, they form
    disaccharides
    • Sucrose (table sugar), lactose
    • If many monosaccharides join together, they form
    polysaccharides, or complex sugars
    • Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose
    Biological Macromolecules
    CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
    LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Lipid Building Blocks
    • FATS, oils and waxes!
    • No true monomer
    – composed of fatty acids,
    glycerol and other
    components
    Lipid Function
    • Primary function is to store
    energy!
    • Additional functions:
    – Insulation
    • Walrus
    • Prevent water loss- lipid
    don't mix with water!
    – Cell membrane
    – Waxy cuticle on plant leaves
    – Honeycomb in a beehive
    Lipid Examples

    • Butter
    • Oils (Olive, Vegetable,
    Peanut)
    • Avocados
    • Wax
    • Plant cuticles (wax)
    • Steriods (cholesterol)
    Lipid Additional Info
    • Hydrophobic: “water-fearing”
    • Lipid solid at room temperature
    – “Triglyceride”
    • Lipid liquid at room
    temperature
    – “Oils”
    • Also
    contain
    Carbon,
    Hydrogen &
    Oxygen
    Lipids Additional Info

    • Lipids with only single bonds = Saturated fats


    • Lipids with at least one double bond = Unsaturated fats
    • Lipids with many double bonds = Polyunsaturated fats
    Biological Macromolecules
    CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
    LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Protein Building Block

    • The building block of


    proteins are amino acids
    • 20 different amino acids
    – Our body can make 10 of
    the 20 amino acids
    – The other 10 amino acids
    (“essential amino acids”)
    come from our food!
    • Foods with proteins!
    Protein Function

    • Involved in nearly every


    function of your body
    – Structural support
    – Building muscle
    – Communicate signals
    between cells
    – Speed up chemical
    reactions (ENZYMES)
    – Control cell growth
    Protein Examples
    • Meats
    • Eggs
    • Nuts
    • Beans
    • Fish
    • Cheese
    • Milk
    • Hemoglobin
    • Insulin
    Protein Additional Info

    “The structure of a protein determines its function”


    • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
    sometime Sulfur
    • Make up -15% of your total body mass!
    • hair, skin, nails... all made of protein!
    • Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds in
    order to form proteins
    • Made by the ribosome!
    Biological Macromolecules
    CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
    LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Nucleic Acid Building Blocks

    • Smaller repeating subunits


    called nucleotides
    – 1. Phosphate
    – 2. Sugar (Deoxyribose or
    Ribose)
    – 3. Nitrogen Base
    • Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
    or Thymine/Uracil)

    DNA and RNA


    Deoxyribonucleic acid/ Ribonucleic acid
    Nucleic Acid Function

    • Store and transmit genetic information


    Nucleic Acid Examples

    • RNA
    • DNA
    Nucleic Acid Additonal Info
    • Composed of Carbon,
    Hydrogen, Oxygen,
    Nitrogen, Phosphorous
    atoms
    • DNA
    – Double stranded
    – Only in nucleus
    • RNA
    – Single stranded
    – Anywhere in cell
    MACROMOLECULES Monomer/ Elements made Function/ Uses Examples
    building block up

    CARBOHYDRATES
    Monosaccharides
    C H O Main energy Glucose, Fructose,
    (Carbon, source, storage, Starch, Cellulose,
    Hydrogen, structure and Glycogen
    Oxygen) support
    LIPIDS Energy storage,
    Fatty Acids/ C H O insulation,
    Butter, Oil,
    (Carbon, Beeswax,
    Glycerol prevent water-
    Hydrogen, Cholesterol
    Oxygen) loss

    PROTEINS Structural support Meats, Eggs


    Amino Acids
    C H O N Building muscle Beans,Fish
    (Carbon, Hydrogen, Communicate signals Cheese, Milk
    Oxygen, Nitrogen) Speed up chemical
    Hemoglobin
    reactions (ENZYMES)
    Control cell growth Insulin

    NUCLEIC ACIDS
    Nucleotides C H O N P Store and transmit DNA
    (Carbon, Hydrogen, genetic information RNA
    Oxygen, Nitrogen
    Phosphorous)
    Answer the following questions:
    1.What are the four basic organic macromolecules?
    2.How are these four macromolecules similar?
    3.What elements do these four different macromolecules
    seem to have in common?
    4.What are they made up of and how do they function?
    5.Which macromolecules seems to have the most function?
    6.What role do the four basic macromolecules play in all
    living organisms?
    7.Why carbon is essential to life on Earth?

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