Utopion Simplex Protocol

UTOPION SIMPLEX PROTOCOL
It is assumed that both the sender and the

receiver are always ready for data processing
and both of them have infinite buffer.
The sender simply sends all its data available
onto the channel as soon as they are available
its buffer.
The receiver is assumed to process all
incoming data instantly. It is does not handle
flow control or error control.
Since this protocol is totally unrealistic, it is
often called Utopian Simplex protocol.
• DESIGN
Sender Site: The data link layer in the sender
site waits for the network layer to send a data
packet. On receiving the packet, it
immediately processes it and sends it to the
physical layer for transmission.
Receiver Site: The data link layer in the
receiver site waits for a frame to be available.
When it is available, it immediately processes
it and sends it to the network layer.
Simplex Stop – and – Wait
protocol for noisy channel
• It is data link layer protocol for data
communications with error control and flow
control mechanisms.
• It is popularly known as Stop – and –Wait
Automatic Repeat Request (Stop – and –Wait
ARQ) protocol.
• It adds error control facilities to Stop – and –
Wait protocol.
• This protocol takes into account the facts that
the receiver has a finite processing speed and
that frames may get corrupted while
transmission.
• If data frames arrive at the receiver’s end at a
rate which is greater than its rate of
processing, frames can be dropped out.
• Also, frames may get corrupted or entirely lost
when they are transmitted via network
channels.
• So, the receiver sends an acknowledgment for
each valid frame that it receives.
• The sender sends the next frame only when it
has received a positive acknowledgment from
the receiver that it is available for further data
processing.
• Otherwise, it waits for a certain amount of

time and then resends the frame.
• DESIGN
• Sender Site:
At the sender site, a field is added to the frame to
hold a sequence number.
If data is available, the data link layer makes a
frame with the certain sequence number and
sends it.
The sender then waits for arrival of
acknowledgment for a certain amount of time.
 If it receives a positive acknowledgment for the
frame with that sequence number within the
stipulated time, it sends the frame with next
sequence number. Otherwise, it resends the
same frame.
Receiver Site:
The receiver also keeps a sequence number
of the frames expected for arrival.
When a frame arrives, the receiver processes
it and checks whether it is valid or not.
If it is valid and its sequence number
matches the sequence number of the expected
frame, it extracts the data and delivers it to the
network layer.
It then sends an acknowledgement for that
frame back to the sender along with its
sequence number.
Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
for an Error-Free Channel
Stop – and – Wait protocol is data link layer protocol
for transmission of frames over noiseless channels.
 It provides unidirectional data transmission with
flow control facilities but without error control
facilities.
This protocol takes into account the fact that the
receiver has a finite processing speed.
If data frames arrive at the receiver’s end at a rate
which is greater than its rate of processing, frames be
dropped out.
 In order to avoid this, the receiver sends an
acknowledgement for each frame upon its arrival.
The sender sends the next frame only when it has
received a positive acknowledgement from the
receiver that it is available for further data processing.
• DESIGN
• Sender Site: The data link layer in the sender

site waits for the network layer for a data
packet. It then checks whether it can send the
frame. If it receives a positive notification
from the physical layer, it makes frames out of
the data and sends it. It then waits for an
acknowledgement before sending the next
frame.
• Receiver Site: The data link layer in the
receiver site waits for a frame to arrive. When
it arrives, the receiver processes it and
delivers it to the network layer. It then sends
an acknowledgement back to the sender.

Utopion Simplex Protocol

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UTOPION SIMPLEX PROTOCOL

It is assumed that both the sender and the

• Otherwise, it waits for a certain amount of

• Sender Site: The data link layer in the sender

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