Research Ethic

RESEARCH ETHICS
Prepared by Igna Ana Valera

WHAT IS RESEARCH ETHICS?
BY NANCY WALTON, PH.D.
Research that involves human subjects

or participants raises unique and
complex ethical, legal, social and
political issues.
Research ethics is specifically interested
in the analysis of ethical issues that are
raised when people are involved as
participants in research.
• There are three objectives in research ethics.
• The first and broadest objective is to protect
human participants.
• The second objective is to ensure that research is
conducted in a way that serves interests of
individuals, groups and/or society as a whole.
• Finally, the third objective is to examine specific
research activities and projects for their ethical
soundness, looking at issues such as the
management of risk, protection of confidentiality
and the process of informed consent.
RESEARCH ETHICS PROVIDES GUIDELINES FOR THE RESPONSIBLE
CONDUCT OF RESEARCH. IN ADDITION, IT EDUCATES AND
MONITORS SCIENTISTS CONDUCTING RESEARCH TO ENSURE A
HIGH ETHICAL STANDARD.
The following is a general summary of some
ethical principles:
1. Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
2. Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.
3. Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act
with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought
and action.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
• 4. Carefulness:
• Avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your own
work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities.
• 5. Openness:
• Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be
open to criticism and new ideas.
6. Respect for Intellectual Property:
Honour patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission.
Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.
7. Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and
patient records.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
• 8. Responsible Publication:
• Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
• 9. Responsible Mentoring:
• Help to educate, mentor, and advise
students. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
10. Respect for Colleagues:
Respect your colleagues and treat them
fairly.
11. Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and
advocacy.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
•12. Non-Discrimination:
•Avoid discrimination against colleagues
or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence
and integrity.
• 13. Competence:
• Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science as a whole.
• 14. Legality:
• Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and governmental policies.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
15. Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals
when using them in research. Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.
16. Human Subjects Protection:
When conducting research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity,
privacy, and autonomy.
WHY IS RESEARCH ETHICS IMPORTANT?
BY DR RUTH GREEN
It is a reflection of respect for those who ‘take

part’ in research
It ensures no unreasonable, unsafe or
thoughtless demands are made by researchers
It ensures sufficient knowledge is shared by all
concerned
It imposes a common standard in all the above
respects
WHY IS RESEARCH ETHICS
IMPORTANT?
•It has become the norm as an
expectation for research activity
•…. a professional requirement for
practitioners in some disciplines e.g.
psychology
•… a requirement for access to
participants in others e.g. health
KEY ETHICAL ISSUES
Informed Consent - special consideration for minors
Deception-a statement or action that hides the truth or
the act of hiding the truth
Need for debriefing
Debriefing is the procedure that is conducted
in psychological research with human subjects after an
experiment or study has been concluded. It involves a
structured or semi structured interview between the
researcher and the subjects whereby all elements of the
study are discussed in detail.
Right to withdraw
a person can withdraw from research at any
point of time and it is no binding of participant to reveal
the reason of discontinuation.
Confidentiality
Information that is confidential is meant to be
kept secret or private
Safety and risk
The practice of safety often has an ethical
component. Often, the most ethical route is obvious,
such as the choice between a legal option and an illegal
one.
ADDITIONAL ISSUES
• Changes to original proposal must be notified
• Completion of project must be notified
• Adverse events must be notified
• Some applications will require evidence of risk
assessment
• Some applications will require evidence of Police
Clearance
WHY CREATE ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?
• Ethical approaches to research do not
reduce the validity and reliability of it but
highlight the contextual complexities within
which it is carried out (Kelly, 1989)
• To be ethical, a research project needs to

be designed to create trustworthy (valid)
outcomes if it is to be believed to be
pursuing truth.
• The generalizability of findings from one
situation to another is dependent on
research being carried out ethically. Trying
to answer questions from an inappropriate
sample or data set, or choosing an
inappropriate unit of analysis, may lead to
misleading findings, undermining their
transferability (Bassey, 1998).
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
GOD BLESS YOU ALL

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RESEARCH ETHICS

Prepared by Igna Ana Valera

Research that involves human subjects

It is a reflection of respect for those who ‘take

• To be ethical, a research project needs to

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