Functions of a Pump

 Transfer fluid between

two points.
 Produce required flow
rate.
 Produce required
pressure.
PUMPS- Are used to move liquids , known
technically as non-compressible fluids,
around or through a pumping system.
Pump - Facts

 Pump changes both velocity and

pressure of the fluid.
 Pump only adds to the system
energy.
Pump - Facts
 Power supplied to the pump is to transfer
fluid at specified flow rate and pressure
by overcoming resistance in the pump
and the system.
 A pump does not create pressure, it only
provides flow. Pressure is just an
indication of the amount of resistance to
the flow.
 A Suction Head exists when the liquid is taken from an open to
atmosphere tank where the liquid level is above the centerline of the
pump suction, commonly known as a Flooded Suction.
A Suction Lift exists when the liquid is taken from an
open to atmosphere tank where the liquid level is below
the centerline of the pump suction
 Pumps and Viscosity of Fluid
Handled.
 Viscosity of the fluid pumped must be within the range
specified in the pump design.
Reciprocating Displacement pumps can handle any required
viscosity.
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps ( Common- Gear and
Screw ) are used for intermediate range of viscosities.
Centrifugal Pumps are used for Medium to Low range of
viscosities.

 Onboard ships, permission should be obtained before any

fluids are moved, which might affect the stability of the ship.
The performance of centrifugal pumps
is affected when pumping viscous
liquids. A dramatic increase in Brake
Horsepower and a reduction of Flow
and Head occurs.
 Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

 Thicker the Impeller- More Water

 Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
 Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure
Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure), is the
pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. All liquids
and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases
have a tendency to condense back into their original form (either liquid
or solid). At any given temperature, for a particular substance, there is a
pressure at which the gas of that substance is in dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid or solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that substance
at that temperature. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a
liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of molecules and
atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A substance with a high vapor
pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile.
 Centrifugal Pump - Vapour
Pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a
liquid and its vapor co-exist in equilibrium, at
a given temperature. Vaporization begins
when the vapor pressure of the liquid at the
operating temperature equals the external
system pressure, which in an open system
always equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Any decrease in external pressure or rise in
operating temperature can induce
vaporization and the pump stops pumping.
 Centrifugal Pump
(Rotodynamic)
Centrifugal pump distinguished from
Positive displacement pump ------

 Requirement of relative velocity between

the fluid and the impeller.
 Shaped casing or diverging nozzle converts
kinetic energy into pressure energy.
 Liquid in the impeller and casing essential
for pump operation.
CENTRIFUGAL P/P
Pump
 Centrifugal Pump- Theory
The energy changes occur in a centrifugal pump by
virtue of two main parts of the pump.
The Impeller – The rotating part that converts driver
energy into kinetic energy.
The volute or Diffuser – The stationary part that
converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then
into the eye of the impeller. Impeller spins the liquid
sitting in the cavities between the vanes, outwards and
provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the
eye of the impeller, a low pressure area is created,
causing more liquid to flow towards the inlet. Because
the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a
tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal forces.
 Centrifugal Pump - Theory

The amount of energy given to the liquid is

proportional to the velocity at the edge or
vane tip of the impeller. The faster the
impeller revolves or bigger the impeller is,
then higher will be the velocity of the liquid
at the vane tip and greater the energy
imparted to the liquid.
 Centrifugal Pump Components
The two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and
the volute. The impeller produces liquid velocity and the volute
forces the liquid to discharge from the pump converting velocity to
pressure. This is accomplished by offsetting the impeller in the
volute and by maintaining a close clearance between the impeller
and the volute at the cut-water. Please note the impeller rotation. A
centrifugal pump impeller slings the liquid out of the volute. It does
not cup the liquid.
 Centrifugal Pump - Head
The pressure at any point in a liquid can be
thought of as being caused by a vertical
column of the liquid due to its weight. The
height of this column is called the static head
and is expressed in terms of meters of liquid.
Head is a measurement of height of a liquid
column that a pump could create from
kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.
Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water
straight up into the air, the height the water
goes up would be the head.
 Centrifugal Pump – Velocity
Head
Velocity Head refers to the energy of a liquid
as a result of its motion at some velocity,‘ V ‘.
It is the equivalent head in meters through
which the water would have to fall to acquire
the same velocity or the head necessary to
accelerate the water.

Velocity head is insignificant in most high

head systems, but it can be large in low head
systems.
 Factors Affecting Suction Lift

 Temperature and volatility of the fluid

 Pressure exerted on the free side of

the liquid.

 Friction Losses at entrances, bends

and pipes in the suction system.
 FACTORS AFFECTING P/P CAPACITY

PROCESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTICS – DENSITY,VISCOSITY

SIZE OF THE PUMP AND ITS INLET AND OUTLET SECTIONS
IMPELLER SIZE
IMPELLER ROTATIONAL SPEED
SIZE AND SHAPE OF CAVITIES BETWEEN THE VANES
PUMP SUCTION AND DISCHARGE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS
 Priming of Centrifugal Pump.
Priming is the process of removing Air/Vapour
and filling the suction piping, impeller and pump
casing with the fluid.
METHODS OF PRIMING

 Liquid ring air-pump.

 Ejector.

 Reciprocating Pump. – Obsolete.

Impeller of Centrifugal Pump
 Types of Impellers, With
Respect to Flow.

 Radial flow.

 Axial flow.

 Mixed flow.
Radial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the
pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal force.

Mixed Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the

pressure is developed partly by centrifugal force
and partly by the lift of the vanes of the impeller on
the liquid.

Axial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the

pressure is developed by the propelling or lifting
action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
Axial Flow Pump
Mixed Flow Pump
For low flows and high pressures, the action of the impeller is
largely radial. For higher flows and lower discharge pressures, the
direction of the flow within the pump is more nearly parallel to the
axis of the shaft, and the pump is said to have an axial flow. The
impeller in this case acts as a propeller. The transition from one
set of flow conditions to the other is gradual, and for intermediate
conditions, the device is called a mixed-flow pump. Conical
designs also featured in the transition from radial to axial flow
conditions.
Specific Speed Range Pump Type
Below 5,000 Radial Flow Pumps
4,000 - 10,000 Mixed Flow Pumps
9,000 - 15,000 Axial Flow Pumps
 Types of Impellers With
Respect to Construction.

o Open (with partial shrouds for strength. -

- For abrasive liquids with suspended solids.

o Semi-Open - - For viscous liquids.

o Enclosed - - For clear liquids.

Centrifugal Pump - Impellers
Open, Semi-open and enclosed
Impellers
Open, Semi-open, Enclosed
Single and Double Entry
Impellers
Centrifugal P/P- Double Entery
Types of Centrifugal Pumps With
Respect to the Construction of the
Casing.
 Volute

 Diffuser

 Regenerative
 Volute Casing
 It is like a curved funnel increasing in
area to the discharge port, which converts
velocity energy into pressure energy. Also it
helps to balance the hydraulic pressure on
the shaft of the pump- occurs at the
recommended capacity. Running at lower
capacity can put lateral stress on pump
shaft, increase wear-and-tear on the seals,
bearings and on the shaft itself.
Figure 4.12 Schematic of a centrifugal pump with a single, vaneless volute
indicating the disturbed and separated flows which can occur in the volute
below (left) and above (right) the design flow rate.
 Double Volute Pump

Double volute minimizes radial thrust. While in a double

volute pump, the pressures are not uniform at part-capacity
operation, the resulting forces F1 and F2 for each 180。
volute section oppose and essentially balance each other
results in low shaft deflection at all operating points. Low
deflection reduces packing wear, ring wear and bearing
loading, which ultimately results in sustained efficiency and
economy of operation.
 Diffuser or Circular Casing

It has stationary diffusion vanes,

surrounding the impeller periphery that
convert velocity energy into pressure
energy.

Conventionally the diffusers are applied

to multistage pumps.
Diffuser Casing
 Regenerative(turbine Pump)

 The impeller , which has very tight axial

clearance and uses pump channel rings.
Liquid entering the channel from the inlet
is picked up immediately by the vanes on
both sides of the impeller and pumped
through the channel by shearing action.
The process is repeated over and over with
each pass imparting more energy until the
liquid is discharged.
Turbine Pump
Turbine Pump
The primary difference between a centrifugal and
a regenerative turbine pump is that fluid only
travels through a centrifugal impeller once, while
in a turbine, it takes many trips through the
vanes. Referring to the cross-section diagram, the
impeller vanes move within the flow-through area
of the water channel passageway. Once the liquid
enters the pump, it is directed into the vanes,
which push the fluid forward and impart a
centrifugal force outward to the impeller
periphery. An orderly circulatory flow is therefore
imposed by the impeller vane, which creates fluid
velocity. Fluid velocity (or kinetic energy) is then
available for conversion to flow and pressure
depending on the external system’s flow
resistance as diagrammed by a system curve.
It is useful to note at this point, that in order to prevent the internal
loss of the pressure building capability of an MTH regenerative
turbine, close internal clearances are required. In many cases,
depending on the size of the pump, impeller to casing clearances may
be as little as one-thousandth of an inch on each side. Therefore,
these pumps are suitable for use only on applications with clean fluids
and systems. In some cases, a suction strainer can be used
successfully to protect the pump.
Next, as the circulatory flow is imposed on the fluid and it reaches the
fluid channel periphery, it is then redirected by the specially shaped
fluid channels, around the side of the impeller, and back into the I.D.
of the turbine impeller vanes, where the process begins again. This
cycle occurs many times as the fluid passes through the pump. Each
trip through the vanes generates more fluid velocity, which can then
be converted into more pressure. The multiple cycles through the
turbine vanes are called regeneration, hence the name regenerative
turbine. The overall result of this process is a pump with pressure
building capability ten or more times that of a centrifugal pump with
the same impeller diameter and speed.
In some competitive designs, you will find that only a single-sided
impeller is used. That design suffers from a thrust load in the direction
of the motor that must be carried by the motor bearings. MTH
turbines use a two-sided floating impeller design that builds pressure
equally on both sides. This has the advantage of allowing the pump
pressure to hydraulically self-center the impeller in the close
clearance impeller cavity, while not burdening the motor bearings
with excessive thrust loads.
Axially/Radially Split Casing
Gland Packing- Stuffing Box
Stuffing Box
 Using a packing puller to
remove old packing

The gland follower

should fit into the
A split ring might be
gland at least 1/8”
used to install the new
but no more than
packing.
3/16”

86
 Cut to size, the packing pieces are eased down the shaft to the neck
ring. The cut ends are staggered to prevent leakage through them,
the lantern ring is placed in position, the final three pieces of
packing tamped in place by the gland plate and the work is done.
The next stage is to adjust the gland to ensure that it leaks. The
leakage rate is controlled by the pressure exerted by the gland plate
on the end of the packing set and the leak is allowed to develop
along the shaft / packing interface to provide a cooling medium,
removing the friction heat generated by the rotation of the shaft in
the packing set. Two further things happen here. The grease in the
packing melts slightly and is washed away by the flow of liquid along
the shaft, and wear at the surface of the packing begins. A cycle is
beginning which leads to the destruction of the packed gland as an
effective leakage control device. The packing volume decreases as
the lubricant is lost. Inevitably this causes the leakage rate to
increase. As the rate increases more material is lost until the gland is
tightened to reduce the leak to a minimum.
Pump – Lantern Ring
Impeller, wear rings
Pump wear ring
Pump – shaft sleeve
Pump – Mechanical Seal
Cavitation
SUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
CAVITATION, NPSH

Basically, if there is not enough pressure –

liquid boils!

8/13/2019 Pumping Machinery, Pump School 97

 Suction Cavitation
Suction Cavitation occurs when the pump
suction is under a low pressure/high vacuum
condition where the liquid turns into a vapor at
the eye of the pump impeller. This vapor is
carried over to the discharge side of the pump
where it no longer sees vacuum and is
compressed back into a liquid by the discharge
pressure. This imploding action occurs violently
and attacks the face of the impeller. An impeller
that has been operating under a suction
cavitation condition has large chunks of
material removed from its face causing
premature failure of the pump.
Impeller inlet – blades cavitation on a suction
side

As bubbles flow from low pressure to higher, they

implode against metal surfaces. These micro-
hammer-like impacts erode the material, creating
cavities – thus “cavitation”
8/13/2019 Pumping Machinery, Pump School 99
 While pumping liquids containing dissolved
gases, if the load static pressure should fall
below the gas release pressure, then the gas will
come out of solution forming gas bubbles. For air
dissolved in water at 20ºC this occurs at an
absolute pressure of about 250mbar. Similarly if
the pressure should drop to the liquid vapour
pressure, then the liquid will start to vaporise or
boil. For water the vapour pressure at various
temperatures is shown in the table below.

Temperature ºC 0 10 20 40 60 80 100

Vapour pressure mbar abs 6.15 12.3 23.4 74 200 474 1015
 Centrifugal Pump –
Operational Summary

o THREE INDICATIONS IF A PUMP IS

CAVITATING

o Noise.

o Fluctuating discharge pressure and flow.

o Fluctuating pump motor current.

Steps to Stop cavitation of a
Pump
 Increase pressure at the suction of the
pump.

 Reduce the temperature of the liquid

being pumped.

 Reduce head losses in the suction

piping.

 Reduce the flow rate through the pump.

 Reduce the speed of the pump impeller.

 Effects of cavitation.

o Degraded pump performance.

o Metal gets corroded seen as small pittings.

o Audiable rattling or crackling sounds which

can reach a pitch of dangerous vibrations.

o Damage to pump impeller, bearings, wear

rings and seals.
 Pump Operation - Facts
 To avoid pump cavitaion, NPSH available must
be greater than NPSH required.
 NPSH available is the difference between the
pump suction pressure and the saturation
pressure of the liquid being pumped.
 Cavitation is the process of the formation and
subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles in a pump.
 Gas binding of a centrifugal pump is a
condition where the pump casing is filled with
gases or vapors to the point where the impeller is
no longer able to contact enough fluid to
function correctly.
 Pump Operation - Facts
• Shut off head is the maximum head that can be
developed by a centrifugal pump operating at a set
speed.
• Pump run out is the maximum flow that can be
developed by a centrifugal pump without damaging
the pump.
• The greater the head against which a pump operates,
the lower the flow rate through the pump.
• Centrifugal pumps are protected from run-out by
placing orifice or throttle valve immediately
downstream of the pump discharge and through
proper piping system design.
• The centrifugal pump can be protected from dead-
heading by providing a recirculation from the pump
discharge back to the supply source of the pump.
 Centrifugal Pump Operation -
Facts
 Discharge Pressure – Minimum throughput when
head is maximum.

 Power – Minimum power consumed when no flow and

the discharge head is at the highest.

 Losses – 1) Shock and eddy losses caused by impeller

blade thickness and other mechanical considerations.
2) Frictional losses due to fluid contact with the pump
casing etc.
3) Inlet and Impact losses.
 Characteristics of Variable
Speed Centrifugal Pump.

 Head varies as the square of the speed.

 Capacity varies directly as the speed.

 Power varies as cube of the speed.

 Characteristics of Constant
Speed Centrifugal Pump

 Head varies as square of the diameter.

 Capacity varies as the diameter.

 Power varies as the cube of the

diameter.
 System Performance Curves
 System Performance Curve is a
mapping of the head required to
produce flow in a given system
 A system includes all the pipe, fittings
and devices the fluid must flow
through, and represents the friction loss
the fluid experiences
 System Performance Curve
Step #3, Curve Mapping
 The friction loss is mapped onto the graph
 The amount of friction loss varies with flow
through the system

Friction Loss
Head

Pump Flow Rate

 The point on the system curve that intersects
the pump curve is known as the operating
point.
Head

Pump Flow Rate

Coupling
Coupling Alignment
Alignment
 Centrifugal P/P, O’hauling
Basic Types of Parts:-

Rotating Parts – Impeller, Shaft, wearing rings,

shaft sleeves, bearings, Mechanical seal etc

Stationary Parts – Casing, bearing housing,

suction and discharge flanges, packing, leak-off
tubing, base plate etc
Cent: P/P, O’hauling- Impeller
Inspect eyes, vanes, shrouds,wearing rings,
passages, hubs and other parts.
 Corrosion, Cavitation, and Erosion are
generally accompanied by a wasting away of the
impeller and vane surfaces. Where attack is
severe, the thinned sections may have holes
through them or may warp and deflect.
Badly worn or corroded impellers may vibrate
excessively. Balancing is required. Check on a
lathe. Metal to be removed on heavier side. If
required take a cut on the shroud, deepest at the
rim.

Compare with a spare Impeller.

 Cent: P/P, O’hauling- shaft
 Check for bent shaft; out of square,
dirty or burred impeller end of the shaft
or spacer sleeve.
 Check – Lock nut washer is burred or
the faces of it and other parts are not
parallel.
 Check for bent shaft by means of a
dial gauge, swinging between lathe or
other centers.
 Tap and check impeller shaft key to
see it is tight. Twist of shaft under load,
Expansion or corrosion will progressively
loosen the impeller..
 Cent:P/P O’hauling- wear
ring
 Wear rings are installed in the casing or
impeller or both. It will run as bearings while
lubricated by the fluid being pumped. Check
the clearances to make sure it is within
limits. If not replace the wear rings.
 Wear rings are usually made out of non-
galling materials. EX:Bronze with dissimilar
bronze.
 Make sure that the wear rings are fitted
correctly.
Cent:P/P- O’hauling- Bearings
• Ball bearings etc. – Keep all rolling-contact
bearings clean at all times. Use clean tools and
clean surroundings. Use clean solvents and
flushing oils. Clean inside of housing before
replacing the bearings. Install new bearings as
removed from their package, without washing. To
remove a bearing, press or pull only on the rings
which is tight press; pull straight.
• Sleeve/Bush bearings – Check clearances, if
over the limit value, replace the same.
 Cent:P/P,O’hauling-Mechanical
seal.
o Normally only faces require repair.
o If stationary face is slightly scored, lap it
on a lapping plate. If dirt or scale is
imbedded, take a cut in lathe, to remove
material to below the imbedded element.
o Remove spring assembly for cleaning and
inspection.
o For replacement, choose the correct type.
o Good Practice – To rotate pumps
equipped with mechanical seals, once a day,
when stopped.
 Cent:P/P, O’hauling, Shaft
Sleeve, Gland Packings.
 Check for worn shaft and shaft sleeve.
Machine it and use it if groove/wear is not
deep. Otherwise replace the sleeve. Check
and replace the sealing ring of the sleeve.
 Remove and replace all gland packings
with correct type and size packings. Clean
the housing thoroughly before inserting the
packings.
 Do not over-tight the gland. Check by
rotating the shaft by hand.
 Cent:p/p,O’hauling, Stationary
Parts
 Casing:- Examine for corrosion or erosion. May be
repaired by welding, brazing and machining or metal
spraying; depending on the material.
 Gaskets:- To be renewed with correct thickness
and type. Surface of gasket seating has to be clean.
Do not use oil, grease or varnish. Use proper
tightening sequence for casing bolts and studs.
 Bedplate and Foundation:- Keep clean, Check for
irregularity, keep drain lines clear. Check foundation
bolts for tightness.
 Piping:- Check for leaks, damaged insulation,
water hammer, defective valves, improper alignment
etc.
 Axial Pump

 Under low head ( 2.5 to 6.2 m), High

throughput (2800- 9500 m3/hr )- conditions
required by main condensers in steam ships.
 Pump is reversible.
 Pump will idle and offer little resistance
when flow is induced through it by external
means.
 Ideal for condenser circulating duties in
steam ships and for heeling and trimming
duties.
 Axial Flow Pump
 A screw propeller by causing and axial
acceleration of liquid within its blades, create
a pressure increase.
 Incidental rotation imparted to the liquid is
converted to axial movement by suitably
shaped outlet guide vanes.
 Throttling of the discharge valve causes a
rise in pressure and power. With discharge
valve closed and zero discharge, the head
will be three times and power doubled.
Causes water hammer.
Axial Flow Pump
Ejector
Positive Displacement Pumps.

 Liquid or gas displaced

centrifugalpumps11.gif

centrifugalpumps11.gif
from suction to
discharge by
mechanical variation of
the volume of a
chamber or chambers.
 Types of Positive
Displacement Pumps.

 RECIPROCATING – Plunger or Piston

mechanically reciprocated.

 ROTARY – Liquid forced through the

pump cylinder or casing by means of
screws or gears etc.
Necessity of Relief Valve in
Positive Displacement
Pumps.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
will produce increasing pressure
until rupture or drive failure.

 Hazardous material discharge

from Relief Valve must be
contained within the pumping
system.
Types of Positive displacement
Pumps.

 Reciprocating piston pump.

 Gear type rotary pump.
 Lobe type rotary pump.
 Screw type rotary pump.
 Moving vane type pump.
 Diaphragm pump.
 Flexible vane pump.
Types of P D Pumps
Piston Pump
Direct Acting Reciprocating pump
classed as

 Horizontal or Vertical ( H or V )

 Single or Duplex ( S or D )

 Single or Double Acting ( SA or DA )

Plunger Pump
Piston Pump
SHINKO RECIPROCATING STRIPPER PUMP
Various Check
V/Vs
Axial Piston Pump
Swash Plate Pump
Axial Piston Pump
Radial Piston Pump