12 Stem

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
-Natural phenomena that

cause major problems all
over the world.
1. RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
A Landslide is a massive outward and downward movement of slope forming

materials.
 Restricted to movements of rocks and soil masses.
 It is initiated when a section of a hill slope or sloping section of a sea bed is

rendered too weak to support its own weight.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE
-Groundwater(pore water)pressure acting to destabilized the slope
-Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure , soil nutrients , and soil

structure(e.g. after a wild fire)
-Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves.
-Weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melt , glaciers melting , or

heavy rains.
-Earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope.
-Earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes.
-Volcanic eruptions
AGGRAVATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
- Deforestation, cultivation and construction , which destabilized they already

fragile slopes.
- Vibrations from machinery or traffic
- Blasting(ex.as miners normally do)
- Earthwork which alters the shape of a slope , or which imposes new loads
on an existing slope.
- In shallow soils , the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluvium

to bedrock (ex. Kaingin farming system)
- Construction works , agricultural or forestry activities (ex. Logging)which

change the amount of water infiltrating the soil.
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES
-Property damage
-Injury and death and adversely effect a variety of resources (for
example water supplies , fisheries , sewage disposal systems, forests,
dams and roadways can be affected for year after a slide event).
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
-Includes the cost to repair structures , loss of property value,
disruption of transportation routes , medical costs in the event of injury
, and indirect costs such as lost timber and lost fish stocks.
-Water availability , quality and quantity can be affected by landslides .
-Geotechnical studies and engineering projects to assess and stabilize
potentially dangerous sites can be costly.
2. SINKHOLES
Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is
limestone.(carbonate rocks , salt beds , or rocks that can naturally be
dissolved by groundwater circulating through them) as the rock dissolves ,
spaces and caverns develop underground .
- These are dramatic because the usually stays intact for a while until the
underground spaces just get too big. If there is not enough support for the land
above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These
collapses can be small, or they can be huge and can occur where a house or
road is on top.
TYPES OF SINKHOLES
1. DISSOLUTION SINKHOLES
dissolution of the limestone or dolomite is most intensive where the

water first contacts the rock surface. Aggressive dissolution also occurs where
flow is focused in preexisting opening in the rock, such as along joint, fractures,
and bedding planes, and in the zone of water-table fluctuation where
groundwater is in contact with the atmosphere.
2. COVER-SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLES
Tend to develop gradually where the covering sediment are permeable and
contain sand. In areas where cover material is thicker or sediments contain
more clay, cover-subsidence sinkholes are relatively uncommon , are smaller,
and may go undetected for long periods.
3. COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLES
May develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and cause
catastrophic damage. They occur where the covering sediments

contain a significant amount of clay. Over time, surface drainage,
erosion, and deposition of sinkhole develop into a shallow bowl-shaped
depression.
Sinkholes can be human-induced
 New sinkholes have been correlated to land-use practices,

especially from groundwater pumping and from construction and
development practices.it can also form when natural water-drainage
patterns are changed and new water-diversion system are
developed. the substantial weight of the new material can trigger an
underground collapse of supporting material, thus causing a
sinkhole.
Signs of Impeding Geological
Hazards
A. LANDSLIDE
1. Earlier Landslide as an indicator
multiple landslide event in the same place can be retrogressive,

piecemeal, or reactivated. A reactivated landslide is where something changed
at an old, semi-stable landslide, triggering a new failure at the same location. By
looking around an area a whole lot of old landslide scraps and deposits are
seen, this is a pretty good indication that even if a particular landslide doesn’t
reactivate, the underlying geology makes the whole region unstable and
susceptible to landslides.
2.TENSION CRACKS
-Created by stress of geological material pulling apart . They often mark
the eventual landslide scarp, the top of the failure zone . they can be
identified as road segments that constantly need long , thin patches , or
out in the wild as actual rocks in the ground . Tension cracks above an
existing landslide can hit a future reactivation . However, if tension
cracks are found on flat ground , they’re still being created by
extensional stress , but are more likely related to a fault than a landslide.
3. THINGS MOVING
Observable movement and deformation of things are also indicators of

an impending landslide . The most common these is that trees are
bending up in a J-curve as a sign that then ground slips out from under
them.
In side structures , signs of slow shifting can be floor tilting , doors no longer
closing property , or broken utilities. Creaking and cracking can also be
warning signs.
-4. WATER DOING SOMETHING DIFFERENT

another warning sign for a landslide is changes in water flow . The suddenly
arrival in a spring , seep , or wet ground somewhere that is usually dry
indicates that something is changed , and this changed is not to be trusted .
The sudden disappearance of water is just as ominous. Water levels in a creek
suddenly dropping can be due to an upstream obstruction like a landslide–dam
that will and send a debris flow rushing downstream . A debris flow is very wet
, very mobile landslide , where water is loaded with trees , mud , rock, and
everything else caught in the torrent . Low water level precedes the arrival of
the debris flow surge.
SIGNS TO WATCH FOR THEY MAY
INDICATE A PROBLEM ABOUT THE
PRESENT AND IMMENENT DANGER OF
SINKHOLE….
 Tress or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 Cracks in the ground
 Sudden drainage of pond
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
 Dips , depressions , slopes that appear in a yard
 Dead patches of grass or plants
 Sinkholes in the neighborhood
 Wilted vegetation a limited area
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated with debris
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete lab
 Presence of odd bugs like slugs and centipedes in the home
 Earthy odor in home after rain
 New or widening cracks
 Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
 Cracks in interior walls
 Cracks around door and window frames
 Cracks grout between tiles
 Cracks tiles
 Stair step cracks in blocks bricks
 Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging section
 Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
 Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
1. what for signs of water disappearing from the surface (for example, th3e sudden loss
of a steam or retention pond)
2. If a sinkhole occurs in an area of traffic, barricade it to prevent motorists or

pedestrians from getting too close to it. Remember that the size can continue to
increase, so barricade it with ample room to spare.
3. Check fields before undertaking machine-related activities, such as haying or

harvesting.
4. Keep tractors and heavy machinery far enough away from the sinkhole, since the
ground near the edge can easily give way. It is recommended that machinery stay at
least as far from the edge as the hole is deep
5. Sinkholes will be more prevalent during time of increased and rapid rainfall, such as
with the type of rains occurring during a hurricane.
6. Call emergency hotlines and advise them of the sinkhole and of the hole which is near
utility lines or in a roadway.
7. Restrict access to the hole.
8. Don’t get too close to or go down into the hole.
9. Do not allow un authorized or inexperienced persons to investigate the
sinkhole.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE A LANDSLIDE
1. It’s good to secure clearance from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau
(MGB) on status of possible landslides.
2.Help prepare the members of the family for evacuation upon the
direction of proper authorities.
3.Maintain a list of contact numbers during emergencies.
4.Participate in planting grasses to cover slopes or in building riprap to
prevent soil erosion.
5.Participate in regular drills on evacuation procedures.
6.Help promote public awareness and involvement on landslide mitigation.
7.Help develop family preparedness and evacuation plan.
 WHAT TO DO DURING LANDSLIDE
1. Evaluate immediately if warned of an impending landslides or mudflow.
2. Stay away from the path of landslides debris, or seek refuge behind a sturdy tree
or boulder.
3. Get out of house as soon as possible when rumbling sounds are heard from
upstream or the trembling of the ground is felt, indicating a possible mudflow.
4. Run across a slope, not downwards.
 WHAT TO DO AFTER A LANDSLIDE

1. Examine thoroughly the damage parts and utilities of the house before re-
occupying it.
2. Stay away from the landslide area. There may be danger of additional landslides.
3. Help check with caution injured and trapped persons within the landslide area
and direct rescuers to their locations.
4. Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.
5. Help in seeking the advice of an geotechnical expert to evaluate landslide
hazards or design corrective measures to reduce landslide risk.
SUMMARY:
Aside from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions , which are the most
common geological hazards , there are other related hazard that may
also bring destruction to life and property. These are the following :
Landslides , avalanches , sinkholes , flashfloods , mudflows , and
erosions.
Most of these4 hazards are sudden phenomena , which mean , that it is

hard for an ordinary person and having no technical knowledge , to
predict their occurrence . However , after some studies and technical
observations , experts were able to observe some signs , specifically for
an impending landslides or signs that an area is a potential sinkhole .
Recognizing these signs will give a person or a group a great advantage
as to how the risk of a landslide or sinkhole could be reduced or
mitigated.
THANK YOU!!!
WE HOPE YOU ENJOYED!!!
prepared by:
Laarni seiton
rechael blancia
marvin arguelles
cyril jake misajon

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

-Natural phenomena that

A Landslide is a massive outward and downward movement of slope forming

 Restricted to movements of rocks and soil masses.

 It is initiated when a section of a hill slope or sloping section of a sea bed is

-Groundwater(pore water)pressure acting to destabilized the slope

-Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure , soil nutrients , and soil

-Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves.

-Weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melt , glaciers melting , or

-Earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope.

-Earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes.

- Deforestation, cultivation and construction , which destabilized they already

- Vibrations from machinery or traffic

- Blasting(ex.as miners normally do)

- In shallow soils , the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluvium

- Construction works , agricultural or forestry activities (ex. Logging)which

dissolution of the limestone or dolomite is most intensive where the

May develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and cause

catastrophic damage. They occur where the covering sediments

 New sinkholes have been correlated to land-use practices,

1. Earlier Landslide as an indicator

multiple landslide event in the same place can be retrogressive,

Observable movement and deformation of things are also indicators of

-4. WATER DOING SOMETHING DIFFERENT

2. If a sinkhole occurs in an area of traffic, barricade it to prevent motorists or

3. Check fields before undertaking machine-related activities, such as haying or

WHAT TO DO BEFORE A LANDSLIDE

 WHAT TO DO AFTER A LANDSLIDE

Most of these4 hazards are sudden phenomena , which mean , that it is

WE HOPE YOU ENJOYED!!!

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