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Sampling Procedure: Reporters: Benitez, K. C. Beso, M. Cuerda, R

This document discusses sampling procedures and their importance in research. It defines key sampling terms like population, universe, and sample. It also describes different types of sampling designs including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, and non-probability methods like convenience sampling. The document explains that sampling is important as it allows researchers to make inferences about large populations while reducing time, costs and biases compared to studying the entire population. Sampling also helps control for extraneous variables and limits risks to human subjects.

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Roeder Cuerda
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122 views20 pages

Sampling Procedure: Reporters: Benitez, K. C. Beso, M. Cuerda, R

This document discusses sampling procedures and their importance in research. It defines key sampling terms like population, universe, and sample. It also describes different types of sampling designs including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, and non-probability methods like convenience sampling. The document explains that sampling is important as it allows researchers to make inferences about large populations while reducing time, costs and biases compared to studying the entire population. Sampling also helps control for extraneous variables and limits risks to human subjects.

Uploaded by

Roeder Cuerda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 10

SAMPLING
PROCEDURE

REPORTERS:

Benitez, K. C.

Beso, M.

Cuerda, R.
Guideposts on the Sampling Procedure

1. Universe
- a totality of elements to which research findings may apply.
- refers to the target population, the group of people or objects from
which the researcher intends to collect data and generalize the
findings of the study.

Elements- refer to entities that make up the sample and the


population.

Example: patients, students nurses, staff nurses


Continuation

2. Population
- Refers to the accessible group of individuals from which the sample will be drawn by
the researcher, consistent with specific criteria, or the total possible participation of
the group in the study.
- Refers to the portion of the universe accessible to the researcher.

TYPES OF POPULATION:
A. Target Population- group of individuals or objects about which speculative
information is desired.
Example: All student nurses of X College of Nursing.
Continuation

B. Subjects or Respondent Population- group of individuals or objects chosen to


provide data and information needed in a research.
Example: BSN IV or the graduating student nurses of X College of Nursing.
C. Stratum- a mutually exclusive segment of the population, distinguished by one or
more traits or qualifications.
Example: Age- youngest to oldest

3. Sampling
- The process of selecting a representative portion of the population to represent the
entire population.
Continuation

A. Sampling Unit- a specific area or place which can be used during the sampling
process.
Example: Medical-Surgical ward
B. Sampling Frame- a complete list of sampling units from which the sample is drawn.
Example: If there are a total of 10 clinical areas in a hospital only 2 or 3 areas
are sampled.
C. Sampling Design- the scheme that specifies the number of samples drawn from the
population, the inclusion and exclusion criteria for their choice and the sampling
technique used, such as purposive, random sampling, stratified sampling and
convenience sampling, among others.
To get the sample size from the population, Sloven Formula may be used:
Continuation

n= N Where n= number of samples


1 + Ne2 N= population
e= sampling error ranging from 1% to 10%
Sampling error may arise when the value of one sample size differ from
another drawn from the same population.

4. Sample
- A portion of the population from which data will be solicited for purposes of
research.
Continuation

- It is the subgroup of population which constitutes the subjects or respondents of the


study.

Sampling bias or distortions- occurs when a sample is not representative of the


population from which it was drawn.

Example: From a universe of 500 SN at X College of Nursing, only 100 BSN IV


students are considered as the target population and only 50 students out of the 100 are
chosen as samples for the actual study. Thus, the 50 students represent the 500 student
nurses from which data are solicited.
Continuation

STEPS IN SAMPLING:
1. Identify the Target Population or the Universe
Example: All graduating students.
2. Identify your Respondent of the Population
Example: BSN graduating students.
3. Specify the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for respondent selection.
Example:
Inclusion criteria- BSN graduating students with no RLE deficiencies.
Male and female
Have had intensive practicum in special areas.
Continuation

Exclusion criteria- Grades lower than 80% in Academic and clinical.


Not less than three (3) or more than four (4) years in the nursing
program study.
With RLE deficiencies.

4. Specify the Sampling Design.


Example: Probability sampling, using simple random or the use of non-
probability sampling using purposive sampling.

5. Recruit the Subjects.


Types or Categorization of Sampling

1. Non-Probability Sampling
- Respondents or subjects are selected in a non-random way. The researchers desires to
use available subjects as her convenience anytime during the period of the study.

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

A. Accidental or Convenience Sampling


- Uses the most readily available or most convenient group of people or objects as study
respondents.
Continuation

B. Quota Sampling
- Divides the population into homogeneous strata or sub-populations to ensure
representative portions of the various strata in the sample.
C. Purposive or Judgment Sampling
- Subjects are handpicked to be included in the sampling frame based on certain
qualities for purposes of the study.
- Subjects are viewed as “typical cases” or “experts”.
- Is commonly used in qualitative study.
D. Snowball or Network Sampling
Continuation

D. Snowball or Network Sampling


- Consist of the identification of a few persons who meet the requisite characteristics of
the study and which in turn refer other individuals who may be interviewed.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Convenient
2. Economical
DISADVANTAGES:
1. It is likely to produce biased samples or errors in judgment.
2. Certain elements may have no chance to be included in the sample.
Continuation

2. Probability Sampling
- Involves random selection of subjects or elements of the population.
- The goal is to examine representative elements of the population.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:


A. Simple Random Sampling
- The selection of random basis of elements from a sampling frame.
- Each element has an equal chance or probability of being chosen as subject of the
study.
Continuation

B. Stratified Random Sampling


- Divides the population into homogeneous subgroups from which elements are selected
at random.
Example: Pick out 200 samples from a 5,000 population, the group them
according to age, sex, civil status and occupation.
C. Cluster Sampling or Multi-Stage Sampling
- The successive selection of random samples from a larger to smaller units by either
simple random or stratified random methods.
Example: Province municipality village individual respondent
At each stage, simple random, systematic and stratified techniques are used.
Continuation

D. Systematic or Sequential Sampling


- The selection of every 10th name in a list of patients in odd or even numbered rooms;
every 5th house on the block; every 6th baby in the nursery.

ADVANTAGES:
There is less bias, as every element in the population is given an equal
(independent) chance to be selected.
DIADVANTAGES:
It is time consuming, expensive, inconvenient, and impossible to obtain.
Reasons why Study Respondents must be Sampled

1. There are instances when complete involvement of all members of the population is
not possible.
Example: The effects of drugs in cancer treatment. Not all cancer patients can be
study subjects, despite complete resources due to variability of causes
and manifestations.
2. Sampling reduces cost and time consumed.
3. Results from a selected sample can be as precise as data obtained from the total
population.
4. In some instances, the process of measurement can introduce spurious influence on
the research.
Reasons why Study Respondents must be Sampled

Example: The Hawthorne and Halo effects obscure or result in bias which affects
the independent variable being tested.
Hence, by reducing the number of study subjects, biases during the
measuring process can be controlled.

5. The number of study subjects should be kept as small as feasibly possible when IV
could have unpleasant side effects on the subjects.
Example: Effects of Drugs A and B on the subjects may be dangerous, the reason
why research on drugs is usually restricted to animals.
Reasons why Study Respondents must be Sampled

6. Economic reasons warrant limitation of sample size.


Example: Evaluation of alternative products such as when the X-
ray equipment breaks down or gets destroyed in the
process of measuring research results.
Importance of Sampling

1. Ensures quality of subjects through its inclusion and exclusion


criteria.
2. Acknowledge and specify the scope and limitations of the study.
3. Maximizes time and effort for better and accurate collection of
data.
4. Ensures quality of data since the sampling process helps control
or eliminates extraneous variables.
5. Economic and financial concerns.
End…

Thank you for listening! 

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