Sesi 4-7 Penjadwalan
Sesi 4-7 Penjadwalan
Sesi 4-7 Penjadwalan
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Tujuan Penjadwalan Proyek
Memperlihatkan hubungan setiap kegiatan
terhadap kegiatan lain dan terhadap keseluruhan
proyek.
Mengidentifikasi hubungan precedence diantara
kegiatan.
Mendorong penentuan waktu dan perkiraan
biaya yang realistik untuk setiap kegiatan.
Membantu membuat penggunaan tenaga kerja,
uang dan SD material dengan mengidentifikasi
bottlenecks kritikal dalam proyek.
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Project Management Techniques
Gantt chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation & Review
Technique (PERT)
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Gantt Chart
Time Period
Activity
J F M A M J J
Design
Build
Test
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Service Activities for A Delta Jet During a
60 Minute Layover
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Network Terms
Activity
Event (Node) Event (Node)
(Arrow)
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Activity Relationships
2
A
1
B
3
A & B can occur
concurrently
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Activity Relationships
A must be done
before C & D can
begin
2 D
A
C
1 4
B
3
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Dummy Activities
Incorrect 2-3
1-2 3-4
1 2 3 4
2-3
Correct
1-2 2-4 4-5
1 2 4 5
2-3 3-4: Dummy
3 activity
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Project Scheduling Terminologies
Activity & Activity duration
Precedence relationship, predecessor (pendahulu),
successor
Activity-On-Node (AON) diagram v.s. Activity-On-Arrow
(AOA) diagram
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique):
stochastic
CPM (Critical Path Method): deterministic
Milwaukee General Hospital’s Activities
and Predecessors
Activity Description Immediate
Predecessors
A Build internal components -
B Modify roof and floor -
C Construct collection stack A
D Pour concrete and install frame A, B
E Build high-temperature burner C
F Install pollution control system C
G Install air pollution device D, E
H Inspect and test F, G
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AON Network for Milwaukee
General Hospital
F
A C
F
Start H
B D G
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Example 2
Develop the network for a project with following activities and
immediate predecessors:
Activity Immediate
predecessors
A -
B -
C B
D A, C
E C
F C
G D,E,F
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Network of Seven Activities
A D
1 3 4 G
7
E
dummy
B
C We need to introduce
5 aF dummy activity
2 6
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KLONE COMPUTERS, INC.
Activity Description
A Prototype model design
B Purchase of materials
Manufacturing C Manufacture of prototype model
activities D Revision of design
E Initial production run
F Staff training
Training activities G Staff input on prototype models
H Sales training
Advertising activities I Pre-production advertising campaign
J Post-redesign advertising campaign
Precedence Relationships Chart
Immediate Estimated
Activity Predecessor Completion Time
A None 90
B A 15
C B 5
D G 20
E D 21
F A 25
G C,F 14
H D 28
I A 30
J D,I 45
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Penjadwalan Maju
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Earliest Start / Earliest Finish
110,124
90,115 115,129 129,149 177
149,177
A FF G
G D
D HH 194
90 25 14 20 28
EARLIEST FINISH
120,165
90,120 194
149,194
I JJ
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Latest Start and Finish Steps
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Latest Start Time / Latest Finish Time
149,170
105,110 173,194
90,105
B C 110,115 E
95,110 B C E
15 5 21
149,194
90,120
119,149 149,194
I J
I J
45
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Slack Times
Slack Time = LS - ES = LF - EF
Slack/Float Times
Activity LS - ES Slack
A 0 -0 0
B 95 - 90 5
C 110 - 105 5
D 119 - 119 0 Critical activities
E 173 - 149 24
must be rigidly
F 90 - 90 0
G 115 - 115 0 scheduled
H 166 - 149 17
I 119 - 90 29
J 149 - 149 0
The Critical Path
149,194
90,120
149,194
119,149
I J
I J
45
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Precedence Diagram
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Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
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Tipe Ketergantungan Tugas (Microsoft Project)
A
FS (Finish-to-Start) : Task B can’t
start until task A finishes
B
A
SS (Start-to-Start) : Task B
can’t start until task A start
B
A
FF (Finish-to-Finish) : Task B
can’t finish until task A finished
B
A
SF (Start-to-Finish) : Task B
can’t finish until task A start
B
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30
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Waktu Kegiatan PERT
Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)
3 estimasi waktu
Waktu optimistik (a)
Most-likely time (m)
Waktu Pesimistik (b)
Mengikuti distribusi beta
Expected time: t = (a + 4m + b)/6
Variance of times: v = [(b - a)/6]2
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Waktu Proyek
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Contoh probabilitas PERT
Anda seorang perencana
proyek untuk General
Dynamics. Sebuah proyek
© 1995
kapal selam diharapkan Corel Corp.
diselesaikan pada 40
minggu, dengan standard
deviation 5 minggu.
Berapakah probabilitas
menyelesaikan kapal selam
tersebut dalam 50 minggu
atau kurang ?
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Merubah ke Standardized Variable
X - T 50 - 40
Z= = = 2.0
s 5
Normal Standardized Normal
Distribution Distribution
s=5 sZ = 1
T = 40 50 X mz = 0 2.0 Z
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Obtaining the Probability
Standardized Normal Probability Table
(Portion)
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Precedences And Project Activity Times
Immediate Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic EXP Var S.Dev
Activity Predecessor Time Time Time TE V
a - 10 22 22 20 4 2
b - 20 20 20 20 0 0
c - 4 10 16 10 4 2
d a 2 14 32 15 25 5
e b,c 8 8 20 10 4 2
f b,c 8 14 20 14 4 2
g b,c 4 4 4 4 0 0
h c 2 12 16 11 5.4 2.32
I g,h 6 16 38 18 28.4 5.33
j d,e 2 8 14 8 4 2
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The complete network
d 6
2
(15,25)
j
a (8,4)
(20,4) e
(10,4)
1 f 7
3
b (14,4)
(20,0)
g
c
(4,0)
(10,4) i
(18,28.4)
h 5
4
(11,5.4)
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Figure 8-13 The complete Network
EF=20 35
d 6
2
a (15,25) j
(20,4) (8,4)
b e
20 43
(20,0) (10,4)
f CRIT. TIME = 43
1 3 7
(14,4)
g
c (4,0)
(10,4) i
(18,28.4)
h 5
4
(11,5.4)
10 24
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Critical Path Analysis (PERT)
b 1 0 1
c 4 0 4
d 20 20 0 Yes
e 25 20 5
f 29 20 9
g 21 20 1
h 14 10 4
i 25 24 1
j 35 35 0 Yes
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Assume, PM promised to complete the project in the fifty days.
What are the chances of meeting that deadline?
Calculate Z, where
Z = (D-S) / V
Example,
D = 50; S(Scheduled date) = 20+15+8 =43; V = (4+25+4) =33
Z = (50 – 43) / 5.745
= 1.22 standard deviations.
1.22
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What deadline are you 95% sure of meeting
D = S + 5.745 (1.645)
= 43 + 9.45
= 52.45 days
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Variabilitas Completion Time untuk
Noncritical Paths
Variabilitas waktu untuk kegiatan di
noncritical paths harus dipertimbangkan
ketika mendapatkan probabilitas
penyelesaian pada waktu tertentu.
Variasi dalam kegiatan noncritical mungkin
dapat menyebabkan perubahan pada critical
path.
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Float (kelonggaran)
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Crashing
(Reduksi Waktu Proyek)
Crash time adalah:
• Tindakan untuk mengurangi durasi
keseluruhan proyek stlh menganalisa
alternatif-alternatif yang ada (dari jaringan
kerja)
• Untuk mengoptimalisasikan waktu kerja dengan
biaya terendah.
• Seringkali dalam crashing terjadi “trade-off”, yaitu
pertukaran waktu dengan biaya.
Kenapa Crashing ?
Mengurangi Time-to-market
Reward (insentif) dari pemberi order
Mengurangi biaya-biaya tidak langsung
(overhead costs)
Mengurangi risiko untuk hal-hal yang tak
terduga
Pengalihan sumber daya untuk proyek lain
Waktu untuk crashing
• Jika melakukan di awal proyek mungkin dapat
berakhir menghabiskan uang percuma.
• Dlm bbrp kasus uangnya dihabiskan di awal hilang
dan kurang bermanfaat.
• Akan tetapi bisa saja perpendekan di awal bisa
berguna jika kita sudah memperkirakan bahwa
kemungkinan tertundanya aktivitas-aktivitas kritis di
belakang cukup tinggi.
• Maka perlu dipertimbangkan dulu kapan yang paling
baik.
Reduksi Waktu
Asumsi linearitas: belum tentu hubungan antara
waktu dan biaya adalah linear.
Untuk mengatasi hal ini bisa saja digunakan
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CPM Method (Critical Path Method) : time – cost tradeoffs
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Faktor-faktor pada Crashing
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Pemendekan dengan memperhitungkan biaya
Pertimbangan
1. Float
2. Slope
3. Batas pemendekan
4. Tentukan kritis Paralel
Prosedur
1. tentukan Jalur Kritis (JK)
2. keg yang akan diperpendek adalah keg di JK dg
slope terkecil
3. tentukan tambahan biaya yang diperlukan
4. Ulangi 1,2,3 sampai target waktu tercapai/ lintasan
kritis jenuh
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Levelling
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Resource Loading & Leveling
Resource
Units
Time
Resource Loading
8/24/2019 65
Kinds of Resource Constraints
People
Insufficient number
Insufficient skills
Right people at the right time
Combination
Materials
Identification of key/all materials
Scheduling materials
Purchasing, logistics, site delivery
Inclusion in network plan and schedule
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Kinds of Resource Constraints
Equipment
Type, size, quantity
Location
Logistics – getting it to the site
Use of pools – common to multiple projects
Reserves – including subcontracts
Working capital
Cash flow
Impacts from progress payments
Amount of working capital; access to financing
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Impacts of Resource-Constrained
Scheduling
Reduces slack
Reduces flexibility by using slack to minimize delay
Increased number of critical or near-critical activities
Increased schedule complexity (because resource constraints
are added to technical constraints)
Start time may be constrained
Traditional critical path is no longer meaningful
Can break the critical path sequence and leave the network
with a set of disjointed critical activities
Parallel activities can become sequential
Activities with slack on a time constrained network can
change from critical to non-critical
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Benefits of Scheduling Resources
If resources are truly limited and activity estimates are accurate
> resource-constrained schedule will materialize as the project
is implemented (not the time-constrained schedule) = create
reactive, crisis problems for the PM
Better to create the schedule before the project so that
alternatives can be considered
If scheduled delay is unacceptable or risk of delay is too high,
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Steps of Brooks’S Algorithm (1)
Develop a CPM (duration & resources).
Determine (scaled) ACTIM for each activity.
Rank the activities in decreasing order of
ACTIM.
Determine the earliest start time (TEARL) of
each activity.
Identify allowable activities (ACT. ALLOW) for
scheduling. Those activities are ranked in
decreasing order of ACTIM.
Steps of Brooks’S Algorithm (2)
Keep the number of resources initially
available.
Decide if the first allowable activity can be
scheduled at the time (TNOW) when the
resources allocation is being made.
Calculate the scheduled time (TSCHED) and
finished time (TFIN) for the scheduled
activity.
Steps of Brooks’S Algorithm (3)
Repeat this process until the resources is
depleted.
Set TNOW to the next TFIN, the smallest
number of TFINs.
Schedule the allowable activities at the
time (TNOW).
Repeat this process until all activities have
been scheduled.
Some Common Used Heuristics
Activity-Time (ACTIM)
Periode waktu dari mulai suatu aktifitas
hingga proyek selesai
Time-Resources (TIMRES)
Jumlahan perkalian waktu kegiatan
dengan sumber daya (dari awal kegiatan
hingga proyek selesai)
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