Example 8-1 Uniform sinusoidal plane wave propagating in

z- direction in a lossless medium

 x
E  aˆ x Ex ,  r  4,  r  1,   0.
f  100 ( MHz )
4
Maximum of 10 (V/m) at t =0 and
z =1/8 (m)
y
z
Find:
a) Instantaneous expressions for E-field;
b) Instantaneous expressions for H-field;
c) Find locations where E is a positive maximum when
t  104 (s).
EEE341 Lecture 03 1
Solution:
a) Wavenumber:

 2 10 4 8
k      r r  4 (rad/m)
c 3 10 8
3
Instantaneous expressions for E-field:

E ( z, t )  aˆ x Ex  aˆ x E0 cos(t  kz   )

where E0  10  4

The initial phase  :

(t  kz   ) t 0, z 1/ 8  0    k / 8   / 6 (rad)

EEE341 Lecture 03 2
E ( z , t )  aˆ x E0 cos(t  kz   ) 
 4  1 
 a x 10 cos 2 10 t 
ˆ 4 8
 z   
 3  8 
b)
E 10  4  4  1 
H ( z, t ) : H y  x  H ( z , t )  aˆ y cos 2 108 t   z   
 60  3  8 

8
c) locations of positive maxima for t  10 ( s )
 4  1 
cos(...)  1  cos 2 10 10 
8 8
 z m    
 3  8 
4  1
2 10 10 
8 8
 z m    2n
3  8
3 13 13 3
zm   n    n  , 
2 8 8 2
EEE341 Lecture 03 3
§8-2.2 Transverse EM Waves – Plane waves
Consider general case of a TEM wave propagating in
the directions of k
 jk R
E( R)  E0e is a partial solution of a vector
Helmholtz’s equation
2 E  k 2 E  0
  (8-24)
 k  ˆ
a k
x x  ˆ
a k
y y  ˆ
a k
z z  ˆ
a n k  ˆ
a n
v
 2
k x  k y  k z  k   
2 2 2 2
If: (8-23)

 R  aˆ x x  aˆ y y  aˆ z z (8-25)


an  R  const is an equation of a plane of an equal

phase, this plane  an , direction of the
wave propagation
EEE341 Lecture 03 4
From analytic geometry (see the next page)

kˆ  r  kˆ  r0  const
defines a plane which is perpendicular to kˆ  an

Or
kˆ  (r  r0 )  0
kˆ  R  0,or kˆ  R, R  (r  r0 )  plane
While e jk r is a plane a plane wave, e jkr is not!

Questions
Is jkˆ   a plane wave?
e
j ( kx x  k y y  kz z )
Is e a plane wave?
EEE341 Lecture 03 5
 Plane Wave
If the locus of constant phase defines a plane, the
corresponding wave is a plane wave.
In analytic geometry a plane x

is defined by  R
r  r0

Ax  By  Cz  D an
O
or
A( x  x0 )  B( y  y0 )  C ( z  z0 )  0 y

( x, y, z )  Plane
with D  Ax0  By 0  Cz0 ,
( x0 , y0 , z0 )  Plane
       
an  R  0  an  R, an  ( A, B, C ), R  r  r0
EEE341 Lecture 03 6
 Plane Waves

 jk R
From E( R)  E0e

it follows


  E ( R)    E0e  jk R 

 E0  e jk R 
 jk  R
 E0  ( jk )e 0

(8-28b)
E0  k  0
EEE341 Lecture 03 7
In the source free (no current, no charge)
Region
 E   j H ,   E  0
 H  j E,  H  0
In such cases, TEM waves become
1
H aˆn  E ,   E  0 (8-29)

E   aˆn  H ,   H  0 (8-33)

where an  kˆ is unit vector of wave direction.

EEE341 Lecture 03 8
  E   jH
1
H  E E ( R )  E0e jk R
j
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z aˆ x  y E z   z E y  
  E  x y  z  aˆ y  z E x   x E z  
Ex Ey Ez aˆ z  x E y   y E x 
 aˆ x k y E z  k z E y    aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 
  j  aˆ y k z E x  k x E z      j k x ky k z   jk  E
 aˆ k E  k E   Ex Ey Ez
 z x y y x 

1 1 k 1
H  E  k E  an  E  an  E
j   

EEE341 Lecture 03 9
Example 8-2 TEM waves. Find the E-field from a given H
filed.
H ( R )  H 0e  jk  R

  E  aˆ n  H
  H  jE 
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z aˆ x  y H z   z H y  
 H  x y  z  aˆ y  z H x   x H z   
Hx Hy Hz aˆ z  x H y   y H x 
 aˆ x k y H z  k z H y    aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 
 j  aˆ y k z H x  k x H z      j k x ky k z   jk  H
 aˆ k H  k H   Hx Hy Hz
 z x y y x 

1 1 k
E  H   k H   an  H  an  H
j  
EEE341 Lecture 03 10
 Comparison of fields and circuits
Circuits Fields
Scalars E

H Only for plane waves

k
V 1 ˆ
I (A) H kE (A/m) (8-29)
Z 
V  ZI (V) E   H  kˆ (V/m) (8-33)
1
 
Pave  Re VI * (W)
2
1
pav  Re E  H *
2
 
(W/m 2 )
(8-96)

Power (W) power density (W/m2)

Eqs (8-29) (8-33) work for lossy plane
Waves, ˆ ˆ
 c ; k  
EEE341 Lecture 03 11
8.2.3: Polarization of Plane Waves
Linear polarization
ˆ 0e jkz
E( z)  xE
Elliptical polarization
 jkz  jkz
E( z)  xE1e  yjE2e
ˆ ˆ (8.34)

where E1 and E2 are real constants

The time-domain expression
ˆ 1 cos(t  kz)  yE
E( z, t )  xE ˆ 2 sin(t  kz)

RHCP

EEE341 Lecture 03 12
For a fixed location z=0
ˆ 1 cos t  yE
E(0, t )  xE ˆ 2 sin t (8.35)
2 2
 Ex (0, t )   E y (0, t ) 
    1 (8.36)
 E1   E2 

Right-hand elliptical polarization

E y (0, t ) / E2
  tan 1
 t (8.37)
Ex (0, t ) / E1
Circular polarization

E1  E2 in (8.34)

EEE341 Lecture 03 13
 8.3 Plane waves in lossy media
In a source-free lossy medium
  E  0,   H  0,
 E   j H ,  H  (  j ) E
vector identity
Following footsteps in lossless case, (    A 
 
    E   j   H (  A)   2 A)
 
  E   j (  j ) E
2

   
 E  k c E  0 or  E   E  0
2 2 2 2
(8-42)
so    k ,  :   j , complex permittivi ty
2 2
c
where  2  j (  j )  jj c
  
 j j   
 j 
EEE341 Lecture 03 14
Note that setting   0   0
comparing to lossless k 2   2   k 
 2

   2

set  0

The complex permittivity

   
c    j   1  j 
   

 '  , "

" 
Loss tangent tan  c   (7-115)
' 
PCB material, FR4,
tan  c  0.02
Teflon tan  c  0.00045
EEE341 Lecture 03 15
EEE341 Lecture 03 16
The complex propagation constant

    j  j  c (8-43)

Since a complex can be split into real and imaginary,

 1/ 2
    j  j  (1  j )
 (8-44)
 ' ' 1/ 2
 j  ' (1  j )
' (8-45)

where 
is the attenuation constant, and  is the
phase constant,  c   ' j " (7-111)

EEE341 Lecture 03 17
To solve for  and :
    j
 2   2   2  2 j   2   j
 Re  2   2   2   2 
|  2 |  2   2    2   2 2


   
2 
  1    1
2      attenuation constant
 

   
2 
  1    1 phase const, wave number,
2      propagation const
 

See problem P.8-9, on p. 420. The equations above are general.

We’ll realize that the two special cases are more important!

EEE341 Lecture 03 18
 8-3.1 low-loss dielectrics
   
 '' 
 Np/m (8-48)
2 '
  ''  (8-50)
c  1  j  
' 2 ' 
   ''  '2 
     ' 1   rad/m (8-50)
 8 
     
2
 1 '' '
up   1   m/s (8-51)
   '  8 
Note at x-ray frequency, copper is no longer a good conductor!!!

EEE341 Lecture 03 19
 8-3.2 Good Conductors

    , or  1

   o (or  r  1),   o r
1 j
 j   (  j   ) , 0 j so,
2
 
    f  (8  53)
2
 2 2
up   ,  , (8  51)
  

j    f
c  c   45  (1  j ) (8-54)
  j  
EEE341 Lecture 03 20
Phasor domain from lossless to lossy:
  jko z 
Ex ( z )  Eo e  Eo e jko z  Ex ( z )  E0 e z  E0 ez
The time domain (forward) fields are:

E ( z , t )  E0 e  z cos( t   z ) aˆ x (8-89)
 E0   z
H ( z , t )  aˆ y e cos( t   z   ) (8-91)
| c |
E0
 aˆ y e  z cos( t   z  45) (good conductor)



Physically, the H field is perpendicular to the E field, and H

is 45 degree lacking. By setting the decay to 36.79%,
we define the skin depth. 1
E0 e    E0 e 1 ,  

1
Skin depth  m (8-57)
 f 
EEE341 Lecture 03 21
Example 1: Microwave ovens are operating at 2.45 GHz.
The round steak has the permittivity
c = 40(0.1-j0.3)o = (4-j12) o
Find the skin depth .

Solution:     j  (4  j12)

c o

 '  ?  "  ? tan   ?

Is steak a good conductor?

 ?


 12 o

 12 o 12 o
   3  1
  4 o

EEE341 Lecture 03 22
The skin depth

11 2 2 2 1
    
 f      12 o 
2 

c 3 108
   7.956 mm
6 6  2.45 10  2
9

At z=, field decays to e-1=37% as compared to its magnitude

on the surface.
Example 2 Skin depth of copper at 1GHz
1 1
   
 f
1
 2.1 m
10    4  10
9 7
 5.7  10 7

EEE341 Lecture 03 23
Skin-effect resistance

The dc resistance Rdc  , where S  πa2
S
The surface (skin) resistance, RS unit Ω

1 f
RS     Re ( c )
 
 RS 
R AC   , S AC   w
 w w
w
 Assuming a uniform current

For a conductor wire of radius a, w = 2a

Rac a
 , since   a for a high freq.
Rdc 2 
Rac  Rdc
EEE341 Lecture 03 24
 Rac a a
   f 
Rdc 2  2

1.3  10 3
 10 7  4  10 7  3.5 10 7  24.16
2

1.3  10 3   2  10 9  4  10 7  3.5  10 7  130 2  1080  5

EEE341 Lecture 03 25