SCIENCE 6 Q2 Invertebrates

Invertebrate Animals
What Characteristics Define the

Animal Kingdom?
• Eukaryotic Cells - Heterotrophs
• Multicellular - Cells lack cell walls
Invertebrate or Vertebrate?
• Inverts have no backbones
– can be microscopic to very large
– 95% of animals are inverts
• Vertebrates have a backbone
– 5% of animals
– Birds, reptiles, fishes, amphibians,
mammals
What are some animals that are
invertebrates?
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Insects
• Crustaceans
• Arachnids
• Jellyfish
• Sponges
• Starfish
Probable Animal Ancestor
Protists – any organism that is not a plant, an
animal, a fungus or a prokaryote
Classification
• Protists are a very diverse groups of
organisms
• Different groups of Protists evolved

independently from archaebacteria
• Protists are generally classified by the way

they obtain food. There are three main
categories of Protists
• Animal-like (Protozoa)
• Plant-like (Algae)
• Fungus-like
Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans)
• Classified by their method of

movement.
• There are four phyla of Protozoans

• Zooflagellates
• Sarcodines
• Ciliates
• Sporozoans
Zooflagellates
• Animal-like Protists
• Use Flagella to move
• Absorb food through

their cell membrane
• Live in lakes,
streams, and inside
other organisms
• Form the basis of many food chains
• Asexual reproduction by means of

binary fission
• Ex. Giardia- water borne protozoa that

causes severe intestinal distress
– Trichonympha –helps termites
digest wood
Sarcodines
• Animal-like
• Use pseudopods for feeding
and movement
• Asexual reproduction by
means of binary fission
• Ex. Amoeba
Ciliates
• Use Cilia for feeding
and movement
• Cilia- short hairlike

projections
• Found in lakes, streams,

and oceans
• Use self-defense mechanisms known
as a trichocyst
• Reproduce by binary fission and
conjugation
• Ex. Paramecium
Sporozoans
• Do not move on their own
• Considered parasites
• Complex life cycle, involve
more than one host
• Reproduce by sporozoites
– Attach to host,
penetrate it, and live
within it
• Ex. Pneumocystis carinii.
– causes pneumonia in
AIDS patients
– Plasmodium vivax –
causes malaria
Cambrian Explosion
- a period in time where the first known
representatives of most animal phyla evolved
• 600 million years ago

• Great increase in diversity
• Better fossil record
• More skeletons /symmetry
• No backbones
Burgess Shale
- a priceless record of soft-bodied Cambrian
marine organisms
- one of very few sites in the world where
specimens like this are preserved.
Fossil Formation
- Works better with shells & bones
Evolutionary Trends
- Trends are towards typically increasing

complexity
- Example –
Sponge → Worms → Arthropods → etc
What Makes an Animal Complex?
• Cell specialization
• Symmetry: radial or bi-lateral
• Cephalization
• Segmentation
• Coelom: acoelomate,
pseudocoelomate, coelomate
• Homeostasis (endotherm or
ectotherm)
Symmetry
Radial Bilateral
Coelom Development
Acoelomate Coelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Porifera (Sponges)
Exs. – Bath Sponge

and Glass Sponge
• Multicellularity
• First Animals
• Division of labor
• No movement
• Filter feeding
• No symmetry
Water Flow
Cnidarians
• Ex. - Jellyfish & Coral
• Tissue development
• Radial symmetry
• Carnivorous
• Some movement
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Ex. – Planarian
• Organ development
• Bilateral symmetry
• Movement
• Cephalization
(brain up front)
• Acoelomate
(no body cavity)
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Ex. - Heartworm & Ascaris Dog Heartworm
• Psuedocoelom (false cavity)

• Digestive systems with 2
openings (mouth & anus)
• Mostly parasitic
African Eye Worm

(Loa Loa)
Ascaris
Annelids (Segmented Worms)
Ex. - Earthworm &
Leech
• Coelom (body cavity)

• Segmentation
• Closed circulatory system
• Hydrostatic skeleton
(water)
• True digestive system
Mollusks
Ex. - Clams, Snails,
Squid
• Shells (in most)
• Mantel
• Foot
• Visceral Mass
Mollusk Anatomy
Arthropods
Ex. – Spiders, Insects
& Crustaceans
• Jointed appendages
• Exoskeleton
• Segmented Body
• Most successful
Echinoderms
Ex. - Starfish, Sea Urchin
Sand Dollar & Sea Cucumber
• Pentaradial Symmetry
• Spiny skin
• Internal skeleton
• Water Vascular System
Water Vascular System
Biological Processes of
Invertebrates
(Things that must be done to
keep them alive)
Feeding/Digestion
• Function - Obtain energy &

Nutrients
• Examples:
– Filter feeding (sponges)
– Parasitism (roundworm)
– Predation (octopus)
Respiration
• Function - release energy from

food, but needs oxygen
• Examples -
Moist Skin (worm)
Gills (clam)
Trachea/Book Lungs (spider)
Moist
Skin
Gills
Trachea/Book Lungs
Circulation
• Function - distribute nutrients

& gases (O2 & CO2)
• Examples:
– Diffusion (flatworm)
– Open System (arthropod)
– Closed System (octopus)
Diffusion
Open System
Closed
System
Sensory / Response
• Function - Sense the environment

• Example:
– Eyespot (flatworm)
– Cephalization (“flatworm up”)
• Brain (earthworm)
Sensory / Response
Eyespot (Ocelli)
Auricles
Cephalization
Movement/Support
• Function
– Form body/ Give shape
• Examples:
– No skeleton/ Hydrostatic (earthworm)
– Exoskeleton (insect)
– Endoskeleton (vertebrate)
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Reproduction
• Function - Continuation
of the species
• Examples:
– Asexual - 1 parent (sponges)
– Sexual - 2 parents
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Early Development: (page 661)
• Animals that reproduce sexually begin
life as a zygote.
• Through mitosis, the zygote
undergoes a series of divisions to form
a blastula.
• A blastula is just a
hollow ball of cells
that changes shape.
• As it changes shape a single opening
forms called a blastopore.
• The blastopore leads into a central
tube that runs the length of the
developing embryo.
• This tube becomes the digestive tract
and can form in one of two ways:
1.) a protosome - an animal whose
mouth develops from the blastopore;
most invertebrates
• 2.) a deuterosome - an animal
whose anus is formed from the
blastopore.
• This includes echinoderms and all

vertebrates
During early development, the
cells of most animal embryos
differentiate into 3 layers.
The 3 germ layers are:
• Endoderm - innermost layer that

develops into the linings of the
digestive tract and respiratory system
• Mesoderm - middle layer that develops
into the muscles, circulatory,
reproductive, and excretory system
• Ectoderm - outermost layer, develops
into sense organs, nerves, and outer
layer of skin
Germ Layers

SCIENCE 6 Q2 Invertebrates

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SCIENCE 6 Q2 Invertebrates

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Invertebrate Animals

What Characteristics Define the

• Different groups of Protists evolved

• Protists are generally classified by the way

• Classified by their method of

• There are four phyla of Protozoans

• Use Flagella to move

• Absorb food through

• Asexual reproduction by means of

• Ex. Giardia- water borne protozoa that

• Cilia- short hairlike

• Found in lakes, streams,

• 600 million years ago

- Trends are towards typically increasing

Exs. – Bath Sponge

• Psuedocoelom (false cavity)

African Eye Worm

• Coelom (body cavity)

• Function - Obtain energy &

• Function - release energy from

• Function - distribute nutrients

• Function - Sense the environment

• This includes echinoderms and all

• Endoderm - innermost layer that

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