Nitrate Removal Using Activated Banana Peel

NITRATE REMOVAL USING
ACTIVATED BANANA PEEL

GUIDED BY: PRESENTED BY:
ASWATHY K V RAHUL JOSEPH

ASSISTANTPROFESSOR NIMITHA RAJA
CE DEPARTMENT SHABNA P H
KMEA TEENATHOMAS
S8 CE - B
NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 1

INTRODUCTION
• Water is one of the vital necessities for the survival of human
beings. Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse are vital
to meet the water requirements for irrigation, industry and
domestic use.
• Industrial wastewaters largely possess organic and inorganic
materials such as dyes, phenols, aromatic compounds, and
heavy metals.
• The World Health Organization [WHO] estimates that 884
million people worldwide do not have access to clean
drinking water.
NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 2
2
CONTINUED…
• There are many hidden chemicals, microorganism, toxic

metals dissolved in water. To clean water from them is really
a hard task.
• By using bio- adsorbents we can purify water easily.
• Banana peel, a discarded agricultural waste can be used to
produce bio- adsorbent through easy and environmental
friendly processes.
CONTINUED…
•High nitrate content in drinking water poses a concern for

public health mainly for infants
•It can impair the blood’s ability to transport oxygen around
baby’s body- a condition known as methemoglobinemia or
baby blue syndrome
•The overuse of nitrogen based fertilizers, use of animal
manure , and seepage from wastewater and sewage are major
contributors

OBJECTIVES
• To study the removal of nitrate by adsorption onto banana peel and
activated banana peel.
• To study the effect of parameters like:
• Adsorbent dosage
• Adsorbent size fraction
• Contact time
5
SCOPE
• This is an inexpensive method.
• The project aims to study the efficiency of locally available
low cost banana peel to remove nitrate from water.
• If this absorbent can effectively remove nitrate, it will
bevery beneficial and cost effective.
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
SL TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
NO:
1 Low cost biosorbent “banana M.Achak,A.Hafidi,N.Oua The results showed that

peel”for the removal of phenolic zzani,S.Sayadi,L.Mandi the increase in the banana
componds from olive mill waste peel dosage from 10 to
water:kinetic and equilibrium 30 g/L significantly
studies. increased the phenolic
compounds adsorption
rates from 60 to 88%.
2 Banana peel: A green and Jamil R. Memona, Saima The low cost, rapid
economical sorbent for the Q. Memonb, Muhammad attainment ofphase
selective removal of Cr(VI) from I. Bhanger a Adel El-Turki equilibrium and high
industrial wastewater c Keith R. Hallamc, sorption capacity values
Geoffrey C. Allen. may be cited among the
main advantages of
banana peel.
7
SL NO TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
3 Optimal conditions for Cong Liu, Huu The powder form with
preparation of banana peels, Hao Ngo , size of greater than 150
sugarcane bagasse and Wenshan Guo, micron was optimal for
watermelon rind in removing Kuo-Lun Tung all biosorbents in terms
copper from water of removal efficiency
and equilibration time.
4 The effect ofextraction Rafaela A solvent extraction

temperature, time and number González- method was developed
of steps on the antioxidant Montelongo, to obtain methanolic
capacity of methanolic banana M. Gloria extracts rich in
peel extracts. Lobo, Mónica antioxidants from
González banana peel.
5 Biochars with Excellent Pb(II) Nan Zhou, Honggang It can be concluded that
Adsorption Property Produced Chen, Junting Xi, HTC is a promising
from Fresh and Dehydrated Denghui Yao, Zhi method to produce
Banana Peels via Zhou, Yun Tian, effective sorbents from
Hydrothermal Carbonization Xiangyang Lu biomass with low cost.
6 :Removal of Mn(II) from Ashraf Ali Banana peels biomass

water using chemically containing various
modified banana peels as chemical groups such as
efficient adsorbent . carboxylic acid,
phosphate, and hydroxyl
groups which act as
active centers for the
adsorption of metal ions
from aqueous media and
industrial wastewater.
7 Study on the use of banana G. Alaa El-Din , A.A. The above experiments
peels for oil spill removal. Amer , G. Malsh , M. results showed that the best
Hussein condition is at an average
particle size of 0.3625 mm
at 25ºC, 15 min sorption
time, 3.5% artificial
seawater and finally 5 mm
oil film thickness.
8 The above experiments K. Kadirvelu , M. The preliminary studies

results showed that the best Kavipriya ,C. show that activated carbon
condition is at anaverage Karthika , M. Radhika , prepared from agricultural
particle size of 0.3625 mm at N. Vennilamani , S. wastes can be used
25 C, 15 min sorption time, Pattabhi . effectively in the treatment
3.5% artificial seawater and of dyes and metal-ions
finally 5 mm oil film from aqueous solution.
thickness. T
NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL

10
9 Agricultural “waste peels” as Amit Bhatnagar, The use of “waste

versatile biomass for water Mika Sillanpä ä, peels” based
purification . Anna Witek- biosorbents for
Krowiak removing various
pollutants from
water and
wastewater offers
many attractive
features such as the
outstanding
adsorption capacity.
10. Treatment and decolorization of Rafie Rushdy The main aim of

biologically treated Palm Oil Mohammed ,Mei this work is to
Mill Effluent (POME) using Fong Chong . evaluate the
banana peel as novel potential of
biosorbent. applying natural,
chemically and
thermally modified
banana peel.

11
11. Removal of Direct Red and C. Namasivayam, This study showed

Acid Brilliant Blue by D.Prabha & M. that waste banana
Adsorption on to Banana Pith. Kumutha pith is an effective
adsorbent for the
removal of direct
red and acid
brilliant blue from
aqueous solution.
12. Biosynthesis of silver T. Kokila P. S., silver nanoparticles

nanoparticles from Cavendish Ramesh D. Geetha were synthesized
banana peel extract and its from Cavendish
antibacterial and free radical banana peel extract
scavenging assay: a novel (CBPE) and
biological approach. characterized by
UV–visible
spectroscopy,

13. Banana peel extract mediated Ashok Bankar , Banana peels that are
novel route for the synthesis of Bhagyashree Joshi , usually discarded have
silver nanoparticles. Ameeta Ravi been effectively used for
Kumar, Smita the synthesis of silver
Zinjardea nanoparticles.
14. Natural Banana (Musa Naba Kumar Research was carried out
acuminate) Peel: an Mondal. to explore banana peels as
Unconventional Adsorbent for a high capacity,
Removal of Fluoride from economically viable, and
Aqueous Solution through Batch low-cost adsorbent for
Study removal of fluoride.
15. Efficient Water Treatment Using L.Abhishek, To make a cheap natural

Smart Materials. R.Abhishek nano filter which would
Karthick , K.Deepak surely reduce water
kumar and wastage for back flow,
Dr.G.Sivakumar clogging up of
membranes such that all
classes of people can use
this without any doubt.
SL NO TITLE AUTHOR CONCLUSION
16 A green adsorbent derived Yingchun Li , Jiang Banana material

from banana peel forhighly Liu, Qunhui Yuan , Hui illustrates significantly
effective removal of heavy Tang , Feng Yu, Xin Lvd increased adsorption
metal ions from water. . capacity.
17 Use of cellulose-based wastes Gurusamy Annadurai , it was shown that

for adsorption of dyes from Ruey-Shin Juang, Duu- banana peel wasmore
aqueous solutions. Jong Lee . effective than orange
peel. Kinetic
parameters of
adsorption such asthe
Langergren rate
constant and the
intraparticle diffusion
rate constant were
determined
NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANAPEEL NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 1314
18. Removal of chromium (VI) Ashraf Ali Khalid Saeed , Chemical treatment of
from aqueous medium using Fazal Mabood. banana peels results in
chemically modified banana the removing of peptic
peels as efficient low-cost and viscous compounds
adsorbent. and exposure of the
functional groups of
cellulose.
19. Application of banana peels Opeyemi A. Oyewo a, Increase in surface area

nanosorbent for the removal of Maurice S. Onyango , and particle size
radioactive minerals from real Christian Wolkersdorfer . reduction improves
mine water. banana peels sorbing
capacity on radioactive
removal from synthetic
and real mine water.

20. Response surface Tran Van Thuana , Bui This study aims at optimizing
methodology approach Thi Phuong Quynha , the adsorption of heavy metal
for optimization of Cu2+, Trinh Duy Nguyena ,Van ions onto banana peel derived
Ni2+ and Pb2+ Thi Thanh Ho , Long activated carbon (AC) using
adsorption using KOH- Giang Bacha. response surface
activated carbon from methodology (RSM)
banana peel involving central composite
design (CCD).
NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL
16
16
METHODOLOGY
•Banana peels were collected from restaurants and
domestic wastes, as its availability was easy.
NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL
17
17
• The peels were washed several times with tap water and followed
by distilled water.
WASHING OF BANANA PEEL
• Washed banana peels were cut into small pieces (1-2cm).
SHREDDED BANANA
• The washed material then allowed to dry for 48 hours in an oven
at 100°C to remove the moisture content from the peels. The
moisture content was lost from it and the colour change was
observed from brownish black to pure black.
OVEN DRYING OF BANANAPEEL

• The dried material was finely ground and screened through the sieves
of cut size of 1.18mm,600micron,425micron,300micron and less than
300micron
DRIED BANANAPEEL CRUSHING OF BANANA PEEL
• The sieved material was then kept in the desiccators.
BANANA PEEL KEPT INDESICCATOR
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR ADSORPTIONSTUDIES
ADSORBATE PREPARATION
• Oven dried about 1 g of potassium nitrate for an hour at 105 ˚C.
• Stock nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving 0.7218 g of
potassium nitrate in distilled water and diluted to 1000 ml.
• Standard solution was prepared by diluting 50ml of stock nitrate
solution to 500ml with water.
• Sulphite urea reagent was prepared by dissolving 5gm of urea and
4gm of anhydrous sodium sulphite in water and dilute to 1000ml.
• Chromotropic acid reagent was prepared by dissolving
100mg of purified chromotropic acid crystals in 100ml of
concentrated sulphuric acid and stored in a brown bottle.
• Used single wavelength of 410 nm to determine the nitrate
reading .
• Adsorption and concentration values were obtained with the
help of spectrophotometer.
CHROMOTROPIC ACID ,SULPHITE UREA REAGENT,
STOCK NITRATE SOLUTION , STANDARD NITRATESOLUTION
PROCEDURE FOR THE CALIBERATION OF
SPECTROPHOTOMETER TO ESTIMATE NITRATE
• Nitrate standards in the range of 0.1 to 5 mg/l were prepared by
diluting 0,1,5,10,25,40 and 50 ml of standard nitrate solution to 100
ml with distilled water. Pippeted 2 ml portions of standard nitrate
solution samples and a blank into dry 10 ml volumetricflask.
• To each flask add 1 drop of sulphite urea reagent.
• Then these flasks were placed in a tray of cold water of 10 to 20
degree Celsius .
• After 4 minutes in the bath add 1 ml of chromotropic acid reagent and
kept in cooling bath for 3 minutes
• Add concentrated sulphuric acid to bring volume near the 10 mlmark.
• Stoppered the flask and each were inverted 4 times forproper mixing.
• Then place it for 45 minutes at room temperature andadjust the
volume to 10 ml with concentrated sulphuric acid
• Read absorbance at 410 nm between 15 and 24 hours after last volume
adjustment
• Use nitrate free water in the reference cell of thespectrophotometer
and a graph of absorbance and nitrate concentration is drawn
• This is taken as the standard curve and used for entire study todetect
nitrate in water after adsorption

JAR TEST APPARATUS

VALUES OBTAINED FOR CALIBERATION
CONCENTRATION ABSORBANCE AT 410

NM
0 0
0.5 0.045
1 0.065
2.5 0.160
5 0.202

Calibration graph

Calculation of nitrate removal efficiency after
adsorption
• Removal efficiency is the percentage that represents the number of
molecules of a compound removed in a medium relative to the number
of molecules that entered to the system
• After each batch study removal efficiency was calculated using the
equation ;
removal efficiency = (ci – cf /ci) *100
where ci – initial concentration
cf – final concentration

ADSORPTION STUDIES ON RAW DRIED
BANANA PEEL
Effect of contact time on removal efficiency
• To study the effect of contact time on removal efficiency ,batch study was
done on 5 samples with varying contact time
• Other parameters like nitrate concentration , adsorbent dosage and particle
size were kept constant during this study
• 150 ml of solution was taken from stock nitrate solution and was made upto
250 ml to get a nitrate concentration of 60 mg/l
• Five samples were prepared 100 mg of banana peel of size 1.18mm was
added into each sample
• All the samples were stirred for a contact time of 5,10,15,25,45 minutes at
the speed of 120 rpm using a jar test apparatus
• After the required contact time , the solution was filtered and adsorbent was
separated from the treated nitrate sample and nitrate concentration was
estimated for each sample
Values obtained for the effect of contact time
on removal efficiency
• It is studied by varying the contact time as 5,10,15,25 and 45 minutes
• Initial concentration is taken as 60 mg/l
Final Removal
Sl.No Time
concentration efficiency
(minutes) (mg/l)
1 5 48 20
2 10 40 33.33
3 15 50 16.66
4 25 51.6 14
5 45 51.3 14.5
Variation of contact time with percentage of
removal
35
30
25
Removal Efficiency (%)

20
15
10
0
5 10 15 25 45
Time(min)

Results from the graph
• The effect of contact time on removal efficiency is presentedin the
graph for different time periods
• The highest efficiency of nearly 33.33 was observed for contact time
of 10 minutes
• Hence contact time of 10 minutes was selected for further experiments

Effect of adsorbent dosage on removal
efficiency
• To study the effect of adsorbent dosage on removal efficiency , batch study
was done on 6 samples with varying adsorbent dosage .
• Other parameters like nitrate concentration , contact time and adsorbent
particle size were kept constant during the study.
• 150 ml of stock nitrate solution was taken and was made upto 250 ml to get
a nitrate concentration of 60 mg/l.
• 6 samples were prepared and 100,150,200,300,350, 400, 450and 500mg
of banana peel of size 1.18 mm was added to each sample.
• All the samples were stirred for a contact time of 10 minutes at the speed of
120 rpm using a jar test apparatus
separated from treated nitrate sample and nitrate concentration was
Values obtained for adsorbent dosage on
removal efficiency
Adsorbent Final concentration (mg/l) Removal
Sl.No dosage (mg) efficiency
1 100 40 33
2 150 44.7 25.5
3 200 47.8 20.83
4 300 48.7 18.83
5 350 40.0 31.83
6 400 38.6 35.6
7 450 45 25
8 500 NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 48 3720
Variation of adsorbent dosage on removal
efficiency
40
35
30
Removal Efficiency(%)
25
20
15
10
0
100 150 200 300 350 400 450 500
Adsorbent Dosage(mg)

• Graph shows the effect of adsorbent dosage on nitrate removal
efficiency.
• The percentage adsorption increased when the dosage increased at
400 mg and was taken for further procedures.

Effect of size fraction on removal
efficiency
• To study the effect of size fraction on removal efficiency ,batch study was done on
5 samples with varying adsorbent size
• Other parameters like adsorbent dosage nitrate concentration and contact time
were kept constant during the study
• 150 ml of stock nitrate solution was taken and made upto 250 ml to get a nitrate
concentration of 60 mg/l
• 5 samples were prepared and 400 mg of banana peel of different size fraction 1.18
mm,600micron,425micron,300micron 250micron and 150 micron was added to
each sample
• All the samples were stirred for a contact time of 10 minutes at the speed of120
rpm using a jar test apparatus.
• After the required contact time ,solution was filtered and adsorbent wasseparated
from the treated nitrate sample and the nitrate concentration was estimated for
each sample
Values obtained for the effect of size fraction
Adsorbent Final concentration Removal
Sl.No size(micron) (mg/l) efficiency
1 600 43.9 26.33
2 425 41.9 26.8
3 300 44.2 26.83
4 250 33.5 44
5 150 30 40
Variation of effect of particle size on
percentage removal
50
45
40
Removal Efficiency % 35
30
25
20
15
10
0
600 425 300 250 150
Adsorbent Size mm

• The highest removal efficiency of banana peel powder is obtained on
250 micron size

ADSORPTION STUDIES ON ACTIVATED
BANANA PEEL
ACTIVATION OF BANANA PEEL
• The dried banana peels were activated by placing them in muffle

furnace at 500 degree Celsius for 1 hour .
• Then they were washed thoroughly with distilled water for the
removal of ash
• These were placed in the oven for 24 hours at 105 degree celsuisto
remove the moisture content and then it was kept in dessicator.

Banana peel taken out from obtained dried banana peel
muffle furnace

Washing of dried banana peel activated banana peel

Effect of contact time on removal efficiency
• To study the effect of contact time on removal efficiency ,batch study was
done on 5 samples with varying contact time
• Other parameters like nitrate concentration , adsorbent dosage and particle
size were kept constant during this study
• 150 ml of solution was taken from stock nitrate solution and was made upto
250 ml to get a nitrate concentration of 60 mg/l
• 5 samples were prepared and 100 mg of activated banana peel was added
into each sample
• All the samples were stirred for contact time of 5,10,15,25,45 minutes at the
speed of 120 rpm using a jar test apparatus
separated from the treated nitrate sample and nitrate concentration was
Values obtained for the effect of contact time
• It is studied by varying the contact time as 5,10,15,25 and 45 minutes
• Initial concentration is taken as 60 mg/l
Final Removal
Sl.No Time
concentration efficiency
(minutes) (mg/l)
1 10 38.5 35.3
2 15 35.8 36
3 20 38.4 40.3
4 25 37.8 37
5 45 38.5 35.8
Variation of contact time with percentage
of removal
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
5 10 15 25 45
Contact Time(min)

• The effect of contact time on removal efficiency is presentedin the
graph for different time periods
• The highest efficiency of nearly 40.3% was observed for contact time
of 15 minutes
• Hence contact time of 15 minutes was selected for further experiments

Effect of adsorbent dosage on removal
efficiency
• To study the effect of adsorbent dosage on removal efficiency , batch study
was done on 6 samples with varying adsorbent dosage .
• Other parameters like nitrate concentration , contact time and adsorbent
particle size were kept constant during the study.
• 150 ml of stock nitrate solution was taken and was made upto 250 ml to get
a nitrate concentration of 60 mg/l.
• 8 samples were prepared and 100mg of activated banana peel of size 1.18
mm was added to each sample.
• All the samples were stirred for a contact time of 10 minutes at the speed of
120 rpm using a jar test apparatus
separated from treated nitrate sample and nitrate concentration was
Values obtained for adsorbent dosage on
removal efficiency
Sl No. Adsorbent dosage(mg) Final concentration(mg/l) Removal efficiency(%)
1 100 48.47 18.83
2 150 40 33.33
3 200 43.5 27.5
4 250 39.8 33.6
5 300 35.3 41.1
6 400 34.5 42.5
7 450 42 30
8 500 36 23.33

Variation of adsorbent dosage on removal
efficiency
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
100 150 200 300 350 400 450 500
Adsorbent Dosage(mg)

• Graph shows the effect of adsorbent dosage on nitrate removal
efficiency for activated banana peel
• The removal efficiency increased when adsorbent dosage was
increased and it was maximum at 400 mg.

Effect of size fraction on removal
efficiency
• To study the effect of size fraction on removal efficiency ,batch study was done on
5 samples with varying adsorbent size
• Other parameters like adsorbent dosage nitrate concentration and contact time
were kept constant during the study
• 150 ml of stock nitrate solution was taken and made upto 250 ml to get a nitrate
concentration of 60 mg/l
• 5 samples were prepared and 100 mg of banana peel of different size fraction 1.18
mm,600micron,425micron,300micronand less than 300 micron was added to each
sample
• All the samples were stirred for a contact time of 10 minutes at the speed of120
rpm using a jar test apparatus.
• After the required contact time ,solution was filtered and adsorbent wasseparated
from the treated nitrate sample and the nitrate concentration was estimated for
each sample
Values obtained for the effect of size fraction
Adsorbent Final concentration Removal
Sl.No size(micron) (mg/l) efficiency
(%)
1 600 35.8 40.33
2 425 24.0 60
3 300 26.8 55.33
4 250 32.5 45.83
5 150 30.7 41.5

Variation of effect of size fraction on
percentage removal
70
60
50
Removal Efficiency %
40
30
20
10
0
600 425 300 250 150
Adsorbent Size micron

• The highest removal efficiency of activated banana peel powderis
obtained on 425 micron size

COMPARISON B/W DRIED AND
ACTIVATED BANANA PEEL
ADSORBENT DRIED BANANA ACTIVATED

CHARACTERISTICS PEEL BANANA PEEL
CONTACT TIME 10 MINUTES(33.33%) 15 MINUTES (40.3%)
ADSORBENT 400 MG (35.67%) 400 MG (42.5%)

DOSAGE
SIZE FRACTION 250 MICRON (44%) 425 MICRON (60%)

CONCLUSION
• The present study shows that the banana peel can act as an effective
bio adsorbent in removal of nitrate from water.
• The effect of parameters like contact time , adsorbent size fraction and
adsorbent dosage was studied for raw dried banana peel and activated
banana peel was determined
• Initial concentration of 60 mg/l can be brought below 45 mg/l (as per
is 10500:2012 specified limit for NO3 for drinking purpose) even with
a dosage of 400mg in a contact time of 10 minute for raw dried banana
peel

REFFERENCE
• 1. Naba Kumar Mondal, “Natural Banana (Musa acuminate) Peel: an Unconventional Adsorbent for Removal
of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution through Batch Study”, journal of Water Conserv Sci Eng, pp. 223–
232,2017.
• 2. G. Alaa El-Din , A.A. Amer , G. Malsh , M. Hussein , “Study on the use of banana peels for oil spill
removal”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, pp. 1110-0168,2017.
• 3. Opeyemi A. Oyewo , Maurice S. Onyango , Christian Wolkersdorfer , “Application of banana peels
nanosorbent for the removal of radioactive minerals from real mine water”, Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity, pp. 0265-931,2016.
• 4.Ashraf Ali a,b, Khalid Saeed , Fazal Mabood, “Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous medium using
chemically modified banana peels as efficient low-cost adsorbent”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, pp.
1110-0168,2016.
• 5. T. Kokila • P. S. Ramesh • D. Geetha , “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cavendish banana peel
extract and its antibacterial and free radical scavenging assay: a novel biological approach”,vol.
10.1007,2015.
• 6.L.Abhishek, R.Abhishek Karthick , K.Deepak kumar and Dr.G.Sivakumar, “Efficient Water Treatment
Using Smart Materials”, International Conference on Smart Structures & Systems , pp. 978-1-4799-6506-
9,2014.
• 7.Rafie Rushdy Mohammed , Mei Fong Chong, “Treatment and decolorization of biologically treated Palm
Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using banana peel as novel biosorbent”, Journal of Environmental Management,
pp. 0301-4797,2013.

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NITRATE REMOVAL USING

ACTIVATED BANANA PEEL

ASWATHY K V RAHUL JOSEPH

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 1

• There are many hidden chemicals, microorganism, toxic

•High nitrate content in drinking water poses a concern for

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 4

• To study the effect of parameters like:

• Adsorbent size fraction

1 Low cost biosorbent “banana M.Achak,A.Hafidi,N.Oua The results showed that

4 The effect ofextraction Rafaela A solvent extraction

6 :Removal of Mn(II) from Ashraf Ali Banana peels biomass

8 The above experiments K. Kadirvelu , M. The preliminary studies

NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL

9 Agricultural “waste peels” as Amit Bhatnagar, The use of “waste

10. Treatment and decolorization of Rafie Rushdy The main aim of

NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL

11. Removal of Direct Red and C. Namasivayam, This study showed

12. Biosynthesis of silver T. Kokila P. S., silver nanoparticles

NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL

15. Efficient Water Treatment Using L.Abhishek, To make a cheap natural

16 A green adsorbent derived Yingchun Li , Jiang Banana material

17 Use of cellulose-based wastes Gurusamy Annadurai , it was shown that

19. Application of banana peels Opeyemi A. Oyewo a, Increase in surface area

NITRATE REMOVEL USING BANANA PEEL

WASHING OF BANANA PEEL

OVEN DRYING OF BANANAPEEL

DRIED BANANAPEEL CRUSHING OF BANANA PEEL

BANANA PEEL KEPT INDESICCATOR

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 27

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 28

CONCENTRATION ABSORBANCE AT 410

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 29

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 30

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 31

Removal Efficiency (%)

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 34

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 35

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 38

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 39

1 600 43.9 26.33

2 425 41.9 26.8

3 300 44.2 26.83

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 42

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 43

ACTIVATION OF BANANA PEEL

• The dried banana peels were activated by placing them in muffle

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 44

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 45

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 46

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 49

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 50

1 100 48.47 18.83

3 200 43.5 27.5

4 250 39.8 33.6

5 300 35.3 41.1

6 400 34.5 42.5

NITRATE REMOVAL USING BANANA PEEL 52