Chapter 22

 Software Configuration Management

Slide Set to accompany
Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman

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These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 1
 The “First Law”

No matter where you are in the system

life cycle, the system will change, and the
desire to change it will persist throughout
the life cycle.
Bersoff, et al, 1980

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 What Are These Changes?
changes in
business requirements
changes in
technical requirements
changes in
user requirements other
documents

software models
Project
Plan
data
Test
code

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 The Software Configuration

programs documents

The pieces data

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 Baselines
 The IEEE (IEEE Std. No. 610.12-1990)
defines a baseline as:
• A specification or product that has been formally
reviewed and agreed upon, that thereafter serves as
the basis for further development, and that can be
changed only through formal change control
procedures.

 a baseline is a milestone in the development of

software that is marked by the delivery of one
or more software configuration items and the
approval of these SCIs that is obtained through
a formal technical review

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(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 5
 Baselines
modified
SCIs
Project database
approved
Software Formal
engineering SCIs technical SCIs
tasks reviews

stored

SCIs

extracted
SCM
SCIs
controls

BASELINES :
System Specification
Software Requirements
Design Specification
Source Code
Test Plans/Procedures/Data
Operational System

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Software Configuration Objects
Data model

Design specification

data design
architectural design
module design
interface design

Component N

interface description
algorithm description
Test specification PDL

test plan
test procedure
test cases

Source code

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 SCM Repository
 The SCM repository is the set of mechanisms
and data structures that allow a software team
to manage change in an effective manner
 The repository performs or precipitates the
following functions [For89]:
 Data integrity
 Information sharing
 Tool integration
 Data integration
 Methodology enforcement
 Document standardization

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 Repository Content
u se -case s
b u sin ess rules analy sis m od e l sou rce cod e
b u sin ess fun ct ion s sce n ario -based diag ram s ob j ect cod e
o rganizat ion st ru ct u re flo w-orien t e d d iag ram s sy st e m bu ild inst ruct io ns
info rm at io n arch it ect ure class-b ase d d iagram s
b eh av io ral d iag ram s Const ruct ion
d e sig n m od e l
Cont ent
arch it ect ural diagram s
Business in t e rface d iagram s
Cont ent co m p o ne n t -le v e l d iag ram s
t ech n ical m e t rics t e st cases
t e st script s
t e st result s
qu alit y m e t rics
Model
Cont ent
V&V
Cont ent

Project
Management
p roj e ct e st im at e s Cont ent
p roj e ct sch e du le
SCM re qu ire m e n t s
Proj e ct Plan
ch ang e re q ue st s Document s SCM/ SQA Plan
ch ang e re p ort s
Sy st e m Spe c
SQA re qu ire m e n t s
Re qu ire m e nt s Sp e c
p roj e ct rep o rt s/ au d it re po rt s
De sig n Do cum e nt
p roj e ct m e t rics
Te st Plan and Pro ce d ure
Su pp o rt d o cu m e nt s
Use r m an ual

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 Repository Features
 Versioning.
 saves all of these versions to enable effective management of product
releases and to permit developers to go back to previous versions
 Dependency tracking and change management.
 The repository manages a wide variety of relationships among the data
elements stored in it.
 Requirements tracing.
 Provides the ability to track all the design and construction components and
deliverables that result from a specific requirement specification
 Configuration management.
 Keeps track of a series of configurations representing specific project
milestones or production releases. Version management provides the
needed versions, and link management keeps track of interdependencies.
 Audit trails.
 establishes additional information about when, why, and by whom changes
are made.

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 SCM Elements
 Component elements—a set of tools coupled within a file
management system (e.g., a database) that enables access to
and management of each software configuration item.
 Process elements—a collection of procedures and tasks that
define an effective approach to change management (and
related activities) for all constituencies involved in the
management, engineering and use of computer software.
 Construction elements—a set of tools that automate the
construction of software by ensuring that the proper set of
validated components (i.e., the correct version) have been
assembled.
 Human elements—to implement effective SCM, the software
team uses a set of tools and process features (encompassing
other CM elements)

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 The SCM Process
Addresses the following questions …
 How does a software team identify the discrete elements of
a software configuration?
 How does an organization manage the many existing
versions of a program (and its documentation) in a manner
that will enable change to be accommodated efficiently?
 How does an organization control changes before and after
software is released to a customer?
 Who has responsibility for approving and ranking changes?
 How can we ensure that changes have been made
properly?
 What mechanism is used to appraise others of changes that
are made?

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 The SCM Process
Software
Vm.n

reporting

configuration auditing

version control

change control

identification

SCIs

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 Version Control
 Version control combines procedures and tools to manage
different versions of configuration objects that are created
during the software process
 A version control system implements or is directly integrated
with four major capabilities:
 a project database (repository) that stores all relevant
configuration objects
 a version management capability that stores all versions of a
configuration object (or enables any version to be constructed
using differences from past versions);
 a make facility that enables the software engineer to collect all
relevant configuration objects and construct a specific version of
the software.
 an issues tracking (also called bug tracking) capability that
enables the team to record and track the status of all outstanding
issues associated with each configuration object.

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 Change Control

STOP

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 Change Control Process—I
need for change is recognized

change request from user

developer evaluates

change report is generated

change control authority decides

request is queued for action

change request is denied
user is informed
change control process—II

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 Change Control Process-II
assign people to SCIs

check-out SCIs

make the change

review/audit the change

establish a “baseline” for testing

change control process—III

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 Change Control Process-III
perform SQA and testing activities

check-in the changed SCIs

promote SCI for inclusion in next release

rebuild appropriate version

review/audit the change

include all changes in release

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 Auditing

Change
Requests SQA
Plan
SCIs

SCM Audit

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 Status Accounting
Change
Change
Reports ECOs
Requests
SCIs

Status Accounting

Reporting
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 SCM for Web Engineering-I
 Content.
 A typical WebApp contains a vast array of content—text,
graphics, applets, scripts, audio/video files, forms, active
page elements, tables, streaming data, and many others.
 The challenge is to organize this sea of content into a
rational set of configuration objects (Section 27.1.4) and
then establish appropriate configuration control
mechanisms for these objects.
 People.
 Because a significant percentage of WebApp development
continues to be conducted in an ad hoc manner, any
person involved in the WebApp can (and often does)
create content.

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 SCM for Web Engineering-II
 Scalability.
 As size and complexity grow, small changes can have far-
reaching and unintended affects that can be problematic.
Therefore, the rigor of configuration control mechanisms
should be directly proportional to application scale.
 Politics.
 Who ‘owns’ a WebApp?
 Who assumes responsibility for the accuracy of the
information on the Web site?
 Who assures that quality control processes have been
followed before information is published to the site?
 Who is responsible for making changes?
 Who assumes the cost of change?

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 Content Management-I
 The collection subsystem encompasses all actions required
to create and/or acquire content, and the technical functions
that are necessary to
 convert content into a form that can be represented by a mark-up
language (e.g., HTML, XML
 organize content into packets that can be displayed effectively on
the client-side.
 The management subsystem implements a repository that
encompasses the following elements:
 Content database—the information structure that has been
established to store all content objects
 Database capabilities—functions that enable the CMS to search
for specific content objects (or categories of objects), store and
retrieve objects, and manage the file structure that has been
established for the content
 Configuration management functions—the functional elements
and associated workflow that support content object identification,
version control, change management, change auditing, and
reporting.

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(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 23
 Content Management-II
 The publishing subsystem extracts from the repository,
converts it to a form that is amenable to publication, and
formats it so that it can be transmitted to client-side
browsers. The publishing subsystem accomplishes these
tasks using a series of templates.
 Each template is a function that builds a publication using
one of three different components [BOI02]:
 Static elements—text, graphics, media, and scripts that require
no further processing are transmitted directly to the client-side
 Publication services—function calls to specific retrieval and
formatting services that personalize content (using predefined
rules), perform data conversion, and build appropriate
navigation links.
 External services—provide access to external corporate
information infrastructure such as enterprise data or “back-
room” applications.

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(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 24
 Content Management

conf igurat ion object s

dat abase Cont ent

Management
Syst em

t emplat es

HTML code client -side browser

+ script s

server-side

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 Change Management for WebApps-I

classify t he
request ed change

class 1 change class 4 change

class 2 change class 3 change

dev elop brief writ t en dev elop brief writ t en

acquire relat ed object s
assess impact of change descript ion of change descript ion of change

t ransmit t o all t eam t ransmit t o all st ake-

members for rev iew holders for rev iew
changes
required
in relat ed
object s

furt her furt her

ev aluat ion ev aluat ion
is required OK t o make is required OK t o make

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(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 26
 Change Management for WebApps-II

check out object (s)

t o be changed

make changes
design, const ruct , t est

check in object (s)

t hat were changed

publish t o WebA pp

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(McGraw-Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 27