The

Z
Test
 Z – Test

– Only used when the number of respondents is

not less than 30.
𝑥−𝜇
– Formula used : 𝑧 = 𝑠
𝑛
 Significance Level and
Critical Level
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL CRITICAL VALUE
RIGHT – TAILED TEST
0.01 2.326
0.05 1.645
LEFT – TAILED TEST
0.01 - 2.326
0.05 -1.645
TWO – TAILED TEST
0.01 ±2.575
0.05 ±1.96
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
A researcher reports that the average salary
of College Dean is not more than P63,000. A
sample of 35 College Deans has a mean
salary of P65,700. At 𝛼 = 0.01, test the claim
that the College Deans earn more than
P63,000 a month. The standard deviation of
the population is P5,250.
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
H0: μ ≤ P63,000
Ha: μ > P63,000
One – Tailed Test
𝜶 = 0.01
Critical values: 2.326
𝒙−𝒖 𝟔𝟓,𝟕𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎
z= 𝒔 = 𝟓,𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒𝟑
𝒏 𝟑𝟓

Decision Rule: Reject Ho

Accept Ha
Conclusion: There is enough evidence to support the claim that
the monthly salary of College Deans is more than P63,00.
 HYPOTHESIS
The TESTING
average baptismal cost includes 50
guests. A random sample of 32 baptismal
during the past year in NCR had a mean of
53 guests and a standard deviation of 10. Is
there sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level of
significance that the average number of
guests differs from the national average.
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
H : μ = 50
0
Ha: μ ≠ 50
Two – Tailed Test
𝜶 = 0.05
Critical values: ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
𝒙−𝒖 𝟓𝟑 − 𝟓𝟎
z= 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟕
𝒏 𝟑𝟐
Decision Rule: Accept Ho
Reject Ha
Conclusion: There is enough evidence to support the claim
that the average guest in a baptismal is equal to 50.
 HYPOTHESIS
A TESTING
researcher claims that the monthly
consumption of coffee per person is not
more than 19 cups. In a sample of 60
randomly selected people, the mean
monthly consumption was 20. The
standard deviation of the sample was 4
cups. Is the researcher’s claim valid at
𝛼 = 0.01
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
H0: μ ≤ 19
H1: μ > 19
One - tailed test
𝜶 = 0.01
Critical values: 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟔
𝒙−𝒖 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗
z= 𝒔 = 𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒
𝒏 𝟔𝟎

Decision Rule: Accept Ho

Reject Ha
Conclusion: The monthly consumption of coffee per person is
not more than 19 cups.
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Powder milk is packed in 1-kilogram bag.
An inspector from the Department of
Trade and Industry suspects the bags may
contain 1 kgs. A sample of 40 bags
produces a mean of 0.96 kgs and a
standard deviation of 0.12 kgs. Is there
enough evidence to conclude that the bags
do not contain 1 kg as stated at 𝛼 = 0.05.
 HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
H0: μ = 1 kg
Ha: μ ≠ 1 kg
Two - tailed test
𝜶 = 0.05
Critical values: ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
𝒙−𝒖 𝟎.𝟗𝟔 − 𝟏.𝟎𝟎
z= 𝒔 = 𝟎.𝟏𝟐 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒏 𝟒𝟎
Decision Rule: Reject Ho
Accept Ha
Conclusion: We can therefore conclude that the bags of
powder milk do not weigh 1 kilogram.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The treasurer of a municipality claims that
the average net worth of families living in
this municipality is P73,000. A random
sample of 50 families selected from this
area produced a mean net worth of
P860,000 with standard deviation of
P65,000. Using 1% significance, can we
conclude that the claim is true?
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
H0: μ = 73,000
H1: μ ≠ 73,000
two − tailed test
𝜶 = 0.01
Critical values: ±𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓
𝒙−𝒖
z= 𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
𝒏
Decision Rule: Accept Ho
Reject Ha
Conclusion: There is enough evidence to support the claim that
the average net worth of families living in the municipality is
P73,000 .
 t- test
– A statistical procedure that is used to
know the mean difference between
the sample and the known value of the
population mean based from an
interval or ratio scale.
 t- test
– Assumptions in one sample t – test
1. The population be must approximately normally
distributed.
2. Samples drawn from the population should be
random.
3. Cases of the sample should be independent
4. Sample sizes should be less than 30
5. The population mean should be known.
 t- test

– Test statistics :

𝑿 − 𝝁
𝒕= 𝒔
𝒏
– Example 1: Drinking Water
Drinking water has become an important concern among people.
The quality of drinking water must be monitored as often as possible
during the day for possible contamination. Another variable of concern is
the pH level, which measures the alkalinity or the acidity of the water. A
pH below 7.0 is acidic while a pH above 7.0 is alkaline. A pH of 7.0 is
neutral. A water-treatment plant has a target pH of 8.0. Based on 16
random water samples, the mean and the standard deviation were found
to be: 𝑋 = 7.6 and s = 0.4.
Does the sample mean provide enough evidence that it differs
significantly from the target mean? In other words, does the sample come
from a population whose mean 𝜇 is the same as the target pH of 8.0? Use
𝛼 = .05, two-tailed test.
t- test
–
t- test
H0: μ = 8.0
– H1: μ ≠ 8.0
– 𝜶 = 0.05
– Critical values: ±𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟏
– Two - tailed test
𝒙−𝒖 𝟕.𝟔 − 𝟖.𝟎
– t= 𝒔 = 𝟎.𝟒 = −𝟒. 𝟎𝟎
𝒏 𝟏𝟔
– 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒎 < 𝒛𝒕𝒂𝒃

– Decision Rule: Reject Ho

– Accept H1
– Conclusion: the sample evidence warrants the rejection of the null
hypothesis. The sample does not belong to the population whose mean is
8.0. Indeed, there is significant difference between the means.
Example: Five Random Measurements
A sample of five measurements, randomly selected
from an approximately normally distributed population,
resulted in the summary statistics: 𝑋 = 4.6, s = 1.5.
a. Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the
population is 6 against the alternative hypothesis 𝜇 < 6.0.
Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
t- test
– H0: μ > 6.0
– H1: μ < 6.0
– 𝛼 = 0.05
– Critical values: −2.132
– Left - tailed test
𝑥−𝑢 4.6 − 6.0
– t= 𝑠 = 1.5 = −2.092
𝑛 5
– 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑚 > 𝑧𝑡𝑎𝑏

– Decision Rule: Accept Ho

– Conclusion: We can therefore conclude that the sample belongs to the
population whose mean is 6.0. Indeed, there is no significant difference
between the means.
1. One of the undersecretary of the DOLE claims
that the average salary of civil engineer is P18,000.
a sample of 19 civil engineers has a mean salary
P17,350 and a standard deviation of P1,230. Is
there enough evidence to reject the
undersecretary’s claim at 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏.
t- test
– H0: μ = 18,000
– H1: μ ≠ 18,000
– 𝜶 = 0.01 and degrees of freedom ; df = 19 – 1 = 18
– Critical values: ±𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟖
– Two - tailed test
𝒙−𝒖
– t= 𝒔 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑
𝒏
– 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒎 > 𝒛𝒕𝒂𝒃

– Decision Rule: Accept Ho

–
– Conclusion: We can therefore conclude that the starting salary of civil
engineers is P18,000.
2. A researcher claims that 20 year old women
on a special diet will have an average weight of
110 pounds. A sample of 15 women has an
average weight of 112.5 pounds and a standard
deviation of 5 pounds. At 𝛼 = 0.01, can the
claim can be rejected?
t- test
– H0: μ = 110 pounds
– H1: μ ≠ 110 pounds
– 𝜶 = 0.01 and degrees of freedom ; df = 15 – 1 = 14
– Critical values: ±𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟕
– Two - tailed test
𝒙−𝒖
– t= 𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟔
𝒏
– 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒎 > 𝒛𝒕𝒂𝒃

– Decision Rule: Accept Ho

–
– Conclusion: We can therefore conclude that there is not enough evidence to
reject the claim that the average weight of women is 110 pounds.
 t- test
1. When is it appropriate to use the t-
distribution in testing a hypothesis about
a population mean?
Ans. When n < 30
 t- test
2. In what ways are the distributions of
the z-statistic and the t-statistic alike?
How do they differ?
1. The population be must approximately normally
distributed.
2. Samples drawn from the population should be
random.
3. Cases of the sample should be independent
4. The population mean should be known.
t- test
2. In what ways are the distributions
of the z-statistic and the t-statistic alike?
How do they differ?

Sample sizes