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Oxidation Numbers (Oxidation States)

Oxidation numbers (ONs) indicate the distribution of electrons in chemical compounds and polyatomic ions. ONs are assigned according to rules based on each element's electronegativity. For example, fluorine always has an ON of -1, oxygen is usually -2, and hydrogen is +1 when bonded to more electronegative elements. The sum of ONs in a neutral molecule or polyatomic ion equals zero or the ion's charge, respectively. Changes in ONs reflect oxidation-reduction reactions as electrons are gained or lost.

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54 views18 pages

Oxidation Numbers (Oxidation States)

Oxidation numbers (ONs) indicate the distribution of electrons in chemical compounds and polyatomic ions. ONs are assigned according to rules based on each element's electronegativity. For example, fluorine always has an ON of -1, oxygen is usually -2, and hydrogen is +1 when bonded to more electronegative elements. The sum of ONs in a neutral molecule or polyatomic ion equals zero or the ion's charge, respectively. Changes in ONs reflect oxidation-reduction reactions as electrons are gained or lost.

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OXIDATION

NUMBERS
(Oxidation
States)
Oxidation
Numbers

Molecular
Compoun
ds

Monoatom Polyatomic
ic Ions Ions
Definition
 Oxidation Number (ON)-is a
value, which indicates the
general distribution of electrons
among the bonded atoms in a
molecular compound or a
polyatomic ion.

 The Oxidation Number is


assigned to the atoms composing
the compound or ion.
Comparison between Ionic Charges
and Oxidation Numbers (ONs)
1. Unlike ionic charges, ONs do not
have and exact physical meaning;

2. In some cases the ONs are quite


arbitrary.
Assigning ONs
The shared electrons in a molecular
compound or a polyatomic ion are
assumed to belong to the more
electronegative atom in each bond.

Reminder-Define the term


“Electronegativity” of an atom!
Specific rules for assigning ONs
Rule 1. The atoms in a pure
element (simple substance) have
an ON of zero.
Examples:
-Pure sodium, Na;
-Pure oxygen, O2;
-Pure phosphorus, P4;
-Pure sulfur, S8.
Rule 2.1

The more-electronegative
element in a binary molecular
compound is assigned the
number equal to the negative
charge it would have as an anion.
Rule 2.2

The less-electronegative atom in a


binary molecular compound is
assigned the number equal to the
positive charge it would have as a
cation.
Rule 2 Example
HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
Dissociation: HCl H+ + Cl-
Thus the ONs of the bonded atoms

in the HCl will be (+1) for H-atom


and (-1) for Cl-atom respectively.

Designation of ONs: H+1Cl-1


Rule 3. Fluorine (F)
Fluorine has an ON of (-1) in all of its
compounds because it is the most
electronegative chemical element.
Examples:
H+1F-1
Na+1F-1
Ca+2F-12
Rule 4. Oxygen (O)
Oxygen has an ON of (-2) in almost all
compounds.
Exceptions:
1. In H2O2 molecule the ON of Oxygen
is (-1);
2. In compounds with halogens such as
OF2, the ON of Oxygen is (+2).
Explain why!
Rule 5. Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen has an ON of (+1) in all
compounds containing elements
that are more-electronegative
than it.
 Examples: H+1Cl-1, H+12O-2, H+12S-2
Exception: Hydrogen has an ON of (-1) in
compounds with metals.
 Examples: NaH, Ca(H)2
Rule 6. ONs in molecular
compounds
The algebraic sum of the ONs of all atoms in
a neutral compound is equal to zero.

Example:
+1 -2
H2SO4
+2 -8
The sum of the ONs must equal zero, and there is
only 1 Sulfur atom in each molecule of H2SO4.
Each Sulfur atom therefore must have an ON of
(+2)+(-8)=+6
Rule 7.1 ONs in monoatomic ions

A monoatomic ion has an ON equal to the


charge of the ion.

Examples:

the ions of Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- have ONs of


(+1), (+2), and (-1) respectively.
Rule 7.2 ONs in polyatomic ions
The algebraic sum of the ONs of all atoms in
a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of
the ion.

Solving problem: Assign the ONs of the atoms in the


polyatomic Chlorate anion (ClO3)-
Follow the rules, used for ON in molecular
compounds.
Remark: The total of the ONs should equal the
overall charge of the anion, (1-)
Solving problems
Problem 1. Name and assign the ONs of
the atoms in the following molecular
compounds:

HF

H2O

UF6
Solving problems
Problem 2. Name and assign the ONs of
the atoms in the following polyatomic
ions:

(Cr2O7)2-

(MnO4)-

(HPO4)2-
Oxidation-Reductive Processes and
changes of the ONs of the atoms and ions

0 0

2Mg +O2 2 Mg+2O-2 (transfer of electrons)

2Mg - 2.2e- 2Mg+2 (oxidation)


reductor

2O + 2.2e- 2O-2 (reduction)


oxidizer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwU8xY5VnQk

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