Classification of Matter

States of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical and Chemical Changes

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 Classification of Matter
• Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
• We can classify matter based on whether
it’s solid, liquid, or gas.

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 Classifying Matter
by Physical State
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas
based on the characteristics it exhibits.

• fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container

• indefinite = takes the shape of the container
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 Solids
• The particles in a solid are packed close
together and are fixed in position.
– though they may vibrate
• The close packing of the particles results in
solids being incompressible.
• The inability of the particles to move around
results in solids retaining their shape and
volume when placed in a new container,
and prevents the solid from flowing.

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 Crystalline Solids
• Some solids have their
particles arranged in an
orderly geometric
pattern─we call these
crystalline solids.
– salt
– diamonds
– sugar

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 Amorphous Solids
• Some solids have their
particles randomly distributed
without any long-range
pattern─we call these
amorphous solids.
– plastic
– glass
– charcoal

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 Liquids
• The particles in a liquid are closely
packed, but they have some ability to
move around.
• The close packing results in liquids
being incompressible.
• The ability of the particles to move
allows liquids to take the shape of their
container and to flow; however, they
don’t have enough freedom to escape
and expand to fill the container.

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 Gases

• In the gas state, the particles have

complete freedom from each other.
• The particles are constantly flying
around, bumping into each other and
the container.
• In the gas state, there is a lot of empty
space between the particles.
– on average

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 Gases
• Because there is a lot of empty
space, the particles can be
squeezed closer together;
therefore, gases are compressible.
• Because the particles are not held
in close contact and are moving
freely, gases expand to fill and take
the shape of their container, and
will flow.

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 Classifying Matter by
Composition
• Another way to classify matter is to
examine its composition.
• composition includes:
– types of particles
– arrangement of the particles
– attractions and attachments between the
particles

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 Classification of Matter
by Composition
• Matter whose composition does not change from
one sample to another is called a pure
substance.
– made of a single type of atom or molecule
– Because the composition of a pure substance is
always the same, all samples have the same
characteristics.
• Matter whose composition may vary from one
sample to another is called a mixture.
– two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in
variable proportions
– Because composition varies, different samples have
different characteristics.
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 Classification of Matter
by Composition

1) made of one type 1) made of multiple

of particle types of particles
2) All samples show 2) Samples may
the same intensive show different
properties. intensive
properties.
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 Classification of Pure
SubstancesElements
• Pure substances that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical reactions are called elements.
– decomposed = broken down
– basic building blocks of matter
– composed of single type of atom
• though those atoms may or may not be combined
into molecules

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 Classification of Pure
SubstancesCompounds
• Substances that can be decomposed are
called compounds.
– chemical combinations of elements
– composed of molecules that contain two or
more different kinds of atoms
– All molecules of a compound are identical, so
all samples of a compound behave the same
way.
• Most natural pure substances are
compounds.

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Classification of Pure Substances
1) made of one 1) made of one
type of atom type of
(some molecule, or
elements array of ions
found as multi- 2) units contain
atom two or more
molecules in different kinds
nature) of atoms
2) combine
together to
make
compounds

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 Classification of Mixtures
• homogeneous = mixture that has uniform composition
throughout
– Every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though
another sample with the same components may have different
characteristics.
– atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
• heterogeneous = mixture that does not have uniform
composition throughout
– contains regions within the sample with different characteristics
– atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly

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 Classification of Mixtures
1) made of 1) made of
multiple multiple
substances, substances,
whose but appears
presence can to be one
be seen substance
2) Portions of a 2) All portions of
sample have an individual
different sample have
composition the same
and composition
properties. and
properties.
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 Changes in Matter
• Changes that alter the state or
appearance of the matter without altering
the composition are called physical
changes.
• Changes that alter the composition of the
matter are called chemical changes.
– During the chemical change, the atoms that
are present rearrange into new molecules, but
all of the original atoms are still present.

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Physical Changes in Matter

The boiling of
water is a
physical change.
The water
molecules are
separated from
each other, but
their structure
and composition
do not change.

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Chemical Changes in Matter
The rusting of iron is
a chemical change.
The iron atoms in
the nail combine
with oxygen atoms
from O2 in the air to
make a new
substance, rust, with
a different
composition.

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 Properties of Matter
• Physical properties are the characteristics of
matter that can be changed without changing its
composition.
– characteristics that are directly observable

• Chemical properties are the characteristics that

determine how the composition of matter changes
as a result of contact with other matter or the
influence of energy.
– characteristics that describe the behavior of matter

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 Common Physical Changes
• processes that Subliming of Dry Ice
cause changes in
the matter that do CO2(g)
not change its
composition Dry Ice
• state changes
– boiling/condensing
– melting/freezing
CO2(s)
– subliming
• dissolving
Dissolving of Sugar
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Common Physical Changes
Dissolving of Sugar
C12H22O11(s)

C12H22O11(aq)

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 Common Chemical Changes
• processes that cause
changes in the matter
that change its
composition
• rusting
• processes that release
lots of energy
• burning C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

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