Biological Molecules: Proteins & Nucleic Acids

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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

PROTEINS & NUCLEIC


ACIDS
Learning Outcomes
1. Categorize the following biological
molecules as to their structure and function
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
2. Explain the role of each biological molecule
in specific metabolic processes
PROTEINS
• Structurally and functionally, proteins are the most
diverse molecules of life
• The shape of a protein is the source of its function
• Organic compound that consists of one or more
chains of amino acids (polypeptides)
• Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins
• Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a
characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the
same carbon atom
Generalized Structure of Amino Acids
 There are 20 amino acids used in eukaryotic proteins
PROTEINS
• Our body can make 11
of these amino acids
called NON-ESSENTIAL
AMINO ACIDS.
• The amino acids which
the body cannot
synthesize and can only
be obtained from the
diet are called
ESSENTIAL AMINO
ACIDS.
PROTEINS
• Proteins that contain
all 9 of the essential
amino acids are
known as COMPLETE
PROTEINS.
• Good sources of
complete proteins
include: cow’s milk,
soy milk, tofu, eggs,
chicken, tuna, beef,
and other meats.
PROTEINS
INCOMPLETE PROTEIN
• do not contain all
nine essential
amino acids
• can still lead to a
healthy diet if
eaten in right
combination.
• sources include:
grains, rice, beans
and vegetables.
Primary Function of Proteins

• contributes to structure and


function of cells
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
1. SUPPORT
 These are structural
proteins which
include KERATIN
which is the protein
in hair and
fingernails; and
COLLAGEN that
lends support to the
skin, ligaments and
tendons.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

2. METABOLISM
 These are the
ENZYMES that
speed up
chemical
reactions in
cells.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
3. TRANSPORT
 These are the
CARRIER and
CHANNEL PROTEINS in
plasma membranes
of cells that allow
substances to enter
and exit cells.
 HEMOGLOBIN that
carries oxygen in
blood
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
4. DEFENSE
 ANTIBODIES are
proteins that
combine with
disease-causing
agents to prevent
them from
destroying cells.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
5. REGULATION
 HORMONES are
regulatory proteins that
serve as intercellular
messengers in animals,
influencing the
metabolism of cells.
 E.g. insulin, glucagon
and growth hormone.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
6. MOTION
 Muscles contract
allowing animals
to move from
place to place
because of the
contractile
proteins ACTIN
and MYOSIN
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:

1. PRIMARY
STRUCTURE
 The unique sequence
of amino acids that
makes up a protein
or polypeptide
chain.
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:

2. SECONDARY
STRUCTURE
• The way in which the
primary structure of a
polypeptide chain folds.
• held together by many
Hydrogen bonds,
overall giving the
shape great stability.
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:

3. TERTIARY STRUCTURE
• Determines the function of the protein and
can be affected by environmental
conditions such as pH and temperature.
• Frying an egg disrupts the tertiary structure
of the protein in it, changing the color of
the protein and making it solid.
• The protein is then DENATURED and has lost
its function
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:
4. QUATERNARY
STRUCTURE
•The structure formed
when two or more
polypeptide chains
join together,
sometimes with an
inorganic
component, to form
a protein.
•E.g. Hemoglobin and
insulin
Polypeptide Formation
lysine glycine glycine arginine

1 A protein’s primary 2 Secondary structure arises as 3 Tertiary structure occurs 4 Some proteins have
structure consists of a linear a polypeptide chain twists into a when a chain’s coils and sheets quaternary structure, in which
sequence of amino acids (a coil (helix) or sheet held in place fold up into a functional two or more polypeptide chains
polypeptide chain). Each type by hydrogen bonds between domain such as a barrel or associate as one molecule.
of protein has a unique primary different parts of the molecule. pocket. In this example, the Hemoglobin, shown here,
structure. The same patterns of secondary coils of a globin chain form a consists of four globin chains
structure occur in many pocket. (green and blue). Each globin
different proteins. pocket now holds a heme group
(red).

5 Many proteins aggregate by the


thousands into much larger structures,
such as the keratin filaments that make
up hair. Stepped Art
Fig. 3.14.1-4, p. 45
NUCLEIC ACIDS

 These are organic


compounds which
contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
phosphorous.
 The building blocks
are nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS

 A nucleotide is
composed of a
pentose sugar
(ribose and
deoxyribose); a
nitrogen); and
phosphoric acid.
Two types of organic bases in nucleotides

1. PURINES
 large, double ring
molecules found in
both DNA and RNA;
 they are ADENINE
(A) and
GUANINE (G).
Two types of organic bases in nucleotides

2. PYRIMIDINES
 are smaller, single-ring molecules and
 they include CYTOSINE (C), THYMINE (T)
and URACIL (U).
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1.DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
 Is double-stranded and shaped like a helix.
 The backbone of each strand is made up of
phosphates that are bonded to deoxyribose
sugar.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1.DNA(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
 The bases project to
the inside and
complementary base
pairing is observed.
 Guanine always pair
with cytosine; adenine
to thymine. G-C, A-T.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
 Is sometimes called
the “blueprint of life”
because it contains
the code or
instructions for
building an organism
and ensuring that an
organism functions
correctly.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)

 Itis the chemical


component of
chromosomes, which are
located in the nucleus of
every cell.
 GENE is a segment of
DNA that codes for a
protein, which in turn
codes for a trait (skin
tone, eye color, etc.)
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
2. RNA (ribonucleic
acid)
 RNA is similar to
DNA, except that it
has one strand
instead of two.
 It has URACIL
instead of thymine.
(pairing: C-G, U-A).
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
2. RNA (ribonucleic
acid)
 It has a ribose
sugar instead of
deoxyribose.
RNA
 The major role of  Protein synthesis require 3
RNA is to participate classes of RNA:
 Messenger RNA (mRNA)
in protein synthesis  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
End of Macromolecules..
QUIZ TO FOLLOW

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