Biological Molecules: Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules: Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules: Proteins & Nucleic Acids
2. METABOLISM
These are the
ENZYMES that
speed up
chemical
reactions in
cells.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
3. TRANSPORT
These are the
CARRIER and
CHANNEL PROTEINS in
plasma membranes
of cells that allow
substances to enter
and exit cells.
HEMOGLOBIN that
carries oxygen in
blood
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
4. DEFENSE
ANTIBODIES are
proteins that
combine with
disease-causing
agents to prevent
them from
destroying cells.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
5. REGULATION
HORMONES are
regulatory proteins that
serve as intercellular
messengers in animals,
influencing the
metabolism of cells.
E.g. insulin, glucagon
and growth hormone.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
6. MOTION
Muscles contract
allowing animals
to move from
place to place
because of the
contractile
proteins ACTIN
and MYOSIN
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:
1. PRIMARY
STRUCTURE
The unique sequence
of amino acids that
makes up a protein
or polypeptide
chain.
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:
2. SECONDARY
STRUCTURE
• The way in which the
primary structure of a
polypeptide chain folds.
• held together by many
Hydrogen bonds,
overall giving the
shape great stability.
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:
3. TERTIARY STRUCTURE
• Determines the function of the protein and
can be affected by environmental
conditions such as pH and temperature.
• Frying an egg disrupts the tertiary structure
of the protein in it, changing the color of
the protein and making it solid.
• The protein is then DENATURED and has lost
its function
Protein functions are determined by its 3-
dimensional shape. These are:
4. QUATERNARY
STRUCTURE
•The structure formed
when two or more
polypeptide chains
join together,
sometimes with an
inorganic
component, to form
a protein.
•E.g. Hemoglobin and
insulin
Polypeptide Formation
lysine glycine glycine arginine
1 A protein’s primary 2 Secondary structure arises as 3 Tertiary structure occurs 4 Some proteins have
structure consists of a linear a polypeptide chain twists into a when a chain’s coils and sheets quaternary structure, in which
sequence of amino acids (a coil (helix) or sheet held in place fold up into a functional two or more polypeptide chains
polypeptide chain). Each type by hydrogen bonds between domain such as a barrel or associate as one molecule.
of protein has a unique primary different parts of the molecule. pocket. In this example, the Hemoglobin, shown here,
structure. The same patterns of secondary coils of a globin chain form a consists of four globin chains
structure occur in many pocket. (green and blue). Each globin
different proteins. pocket now holds a heme group
(red).
A nucleotide is
composed of a
pentose sugar
(ribose and
deoxyribose); a
nitrogen); and
phosphoric acid.
Two types of organic bases in nucleotides
1. PURINES
large, double ring
molecules found in
both DNA and RNA;
they are ADENINE
(A) and
GUANINE (G).
Two types of organic bases in nucleotides
2. PYRIMIDINES
are smaller, single-ring molecules and
they include CYTOSINE (C), THYMINE (T)
and URACIL (U).
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1.DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
Is double-stranded and shaped like a helix.
The backbone of each strand is made up of
phosphates that are bonded to deoxyribose
sugar.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1.DNA(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
The bases project to
the inside and
complementary base
pairing is observed.
Guanine always pair
with cytosine; adenine
to thymine. G-C, A-T.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
Is sometimes called
the “blueprint of life”
because it contains
the code or
instructions for
building an organism
and ensuring that an
organism functions
correctly.
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
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