The Development in Islamic

Sciences:
Mathematics
Farah Adila binti Mohd Ghazali (1724178)
Nur Hasanah Binti Mohd Sohaimi (1710170)
Wahidah binti Mohd Zaki Udin (1711186)
Chen Haonan (1617421)
 Introduction
- The development of Mathematics started in the half of 18th century
during the reign of Caliph al-Ma’mun (Abbasid Empire)
- He ordered Ptolemy’s Almagest and Euclid’s Elements (Greek works) to be
translated into Arabic
- This works was considered as an exchanged for peace between Muslim
and Byzantine Empire
- In this period, Islamic Civilization was dubbed as a Golden Ages
particularly after the establishment of Baitul al-Hikmah
- By the end ot 9th century, the major works of the Greek had been
translated
- In addition, they also learned the Mathematics of the Babylonians and
Hindus
- Morris Kline a western scholar denies the contribution of Muslim
in Mathematics and claimed the works were taken from Hindus
and Greek before expanding it to Europe
- Islamic Mathematics did far more than just copy, they developed
additional research and systematized several field of Mathematics
- The emergence of many Muslim scholars in various field
particularly, Mathematics led by al-Khwarizmi, Thabit ibn Qurrah,
Abu al-Karaji and Omar Khayyam.
❖ Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.
❖ Born in Khwarizm, in Khorasan province of
Persia.
❖ Later moved to Baghdad.
❖ Also known as father of algebra.
❖ Born in 780 CE died in 850 CE (persian).
❖ He was a Muslim scholar who
knowledgeable in many field.
❖ He was appointed as the astronomer and
head of baitul hikmah.
❖ He produced many works in Mathematics,
astronomy and geography.

Al-Khawarizmi
 Contribution
His Work
● He was the one who introduced Algebra in mathematics field.
● Introduced the used of zero in number.
● Many of his works inspired from Greek and Hindu mathematician but he
improved it.
● He developed the decimal system. The whole system of numeral was named
after him which is algorithm.
● Introduced Arabic numerals and also developed arithmetical procedures Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī
including operation and fraction. ḥisāb al-jabr waʾl-
● His numerals system works later flourished to Europe through it the translation muqābala – produced in
into European language. 800ce, about algebra
● Developed in detail trigonometric containing the sine functions.
● Perfected the geometric representation of conic sections and developed the
calculus of two error which practically led him to the concept differentiation.
● Several of his books has translated into Latin which introduced sciences and
mathematics to Europe.
❖ Abu al Hasan Thabit bin Qurrah bin
Marwan al Sabi al Harrani
❖ Born in 835 CE in Harran city
❖ Descendent from Babylonians called
sabian.
❖ Native language Syriac but he also
learned greek and Arabic.
❖ Used to work as money changer in his
hometown.

Thabit Ibn Qurra

 His works

Contribution

● Translated greek mathematical document

into Arabic.
● Developed modern mathematic.
● Wrote about theory of compound ratio that
laid to the foundation for the development
On the sector – figure which deal with
of complex calculus. Menelaus Theoram.
● He developed the basic calculus of integral
On the composition of ratio.
calculus.
Book on the determination of
amicable numbers

Translated many Greek works to

Arabic.
❖ Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al Hasan
al Karaji.
❖ Persian.
❖ Born in Karaj 953 CE died 1029.
❖ Moved to Baghdad and produced
many works there.
❖ His name on old text manuscript
some wrote as al-Karaji and some
wrote as al-Karkhi.
❖ He was a Mathematician and
Engineering who held an official
position in Baghdad from 1010 CE
until 1015 CE.

Al Karaji
Contribution

● He completely free algebra from His work

geometrical operations.
● Developed Binomial Theoram and al-
Karaji triangle.
al-Fakhrī fīʾl-jabr wa’l-muqābala –
● One of the first Mathematician who
Glorious on Algebra
employ the method of Mathematical
al-Badī‘ fī’l-hisāb – Wonderful on
induction.
calculation.

al-Kāfī fī’l-hisāb – Sufficient in

calculation
Ibn al-
Haytham
Ibn al-Ḥaytham was born in Basra, Iraq, on July 1,965.

Considered to have excelled in various disciplines,

such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, etc.

He studied engineering in his early years, read books

on Greek Science, and received and developed
these theories. Therefore Caliph summoned him to
help control the Nile's flooding, but his research
found that was impossible, prompting Caliph's ire.
Ibn al-Ḥaytham was instead placed under Caliph's
house arrest and freed only after Caliph's death.
During this period he completed a large number of
important mathematical papers.
 Contribution
Geometry
Haytham explored what is now known as the Euclidean parallel
postulate, the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements, using a proof by
contradiction,and in effect introducing the concept of motion into
geometry. He formulated the Lambert quadrilateral, which Boris
Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert
quadrilateral".
In elementary geometry, Haytham attempted to solve the problem of
squaring the circle using the area of lunes (crescent shapes), but
later gave up on the impossible task. The two lunes formed from a
right triangle by erecting a semicircle on each of the triangle's sides,
inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two sides, are
known as the lunes of Haytham; they have the same total area as the
triangle itself. The lunes of Haytham. The two
blue lunes together have the same
area as the green right triangle.
Omar Khayyam
Omar Khayyam (18 May 1048 – 4 December
1131) was a Persian mathematician. He was
born in Nishapur, in northeastern Iran.

As a mathematician, he is most notable for

his work on the classification and solution of
cubic equations, where he provided
geometric solutions by the intersection of
conics.
 Contribution
1.Theory of parallels.
Whoever thinks algebra is a trick in
obtaining unknowns has thought it in
2.The real number concept. vain. No attention should be paid to
the fact that algebra and geometry
3.Binomial theorem and extraction of roots. are different in appearance.
Algebras are geometric facts which
are proved by propositions five and
4.Wrote 《Treatise on Demonstration of Problems six of Book two of Elements.
of Algebra》at 1070.
-----Omar Khayyam
5.The famous contribution is the solution of cubic
equations.
The solution of cubic equations.

Khayyam's greatest achievement in

mathematics was solving cubic equations in
Conic Curves, the Most Praiseworthy Work
of Medieval Arab Mathematicians. When it
comes to solving a cubic equation, it can be
traced back to the ancient Greek problem of
doubling a cube so that its volume is twice
that of the known cube, which translates into
the equation x 32a3. 4th Century BC, a
member of the Plato School, discovered the
conic curve, which turns the equation Omar Khayyam's construction of a
problem into finding the intersection of two solution to the cubic x3 + 2x = 2x2 + 2.
parabolas, or the intersection of a Parabola The intersection point produced by the
and a hyperbola. circle and the hyperbola determine the
desired segment.
 6x² - 36x + 60 = 2x² - 12
ALGEBRA
1. The Greeks and the Babylonians
considered algebra under geometry. 6x² + 60 + 12 = 2x² + 36x
2. Because they gave problems
geometrically and used basic
geometrical process for carrying
out arithmetic operations.
4x² + 72 = 36x
3. The term is derived from arabic (al-
jabr) in the title of Al-Khwarizmi Al-
jabr wal muqabalah.
4. The introduction of new types of x² + 18 = 9x
number.
1. There were 4 stages in development of
Algebra. GEOMETRIC
STAGE
1. Al-Khawarizmi’s work had an enormous
effects on other muslim mathematicians.
STATIC
1. In 12 century marked the beginning of
EQUATION
translation of mathematics work into Latin.

1. The Arabic algebra work printing flourishing

during Renaissance era. DYNAMIC
FUNCTION

ABSTRACT
STAGE
 GEOMETRY
1. From the Greek word,
Geo = Earth, metric =measure.

1. Science that studies things in

relation to magnitude & space
properties.

1. Muslim had acknowledge

Euclid’s geometry (Element)- the
first greek work brought to
Baghdad and translated to
Arabic.

1. Also influenced by Sindanta

(Indian work).
1. The brother of Musa ibn Shakir &
Thabit ibn Qurra contributed the
higher mathematics that later
benefited by the west.
2. Kitab marifat misahat al-ashkal
was translated into Latin by
Gerard of Cremona (Verba
filiorum moysi filii sekir) for the
west.
3. Umar Khayyam succeeded in
attracting the attention of Sultan
Malik Shah later funded his
research in mathematics &
astronomy.
 NUMBER THEORY
1. The Greek interested in the
study of number theory.

1. The concern with the theory of

number among Muslim related
with the study of magic square
and amicable numbers.

1. Muslim mathematicians
introduced amicable number.

1. Thabit ibn Qurra explained in

his book (Kitab al-a’dad al-
mutahabba).
The Quran as the The Quran praised mathematics as an art
close to Allah
inspiration of The word Ahad, the verse of surah al-Ikhlas

Muslim Scholars in the Quran is the first number, one as a

symbol of the recitation of the knowledge
associated with the existence of Allah
in The tendency of practising Islamic culture as

Mathematics a way of life affects the development of the

mathematics science in Islamic civilization

For example, in determining of Qibla

direction, the faraid knowledge (inheritance),
Islamic art and calculating charity (zakat)
Fractions and decimal numbers are the result of
Muslim scholars who take the idea of the Quran
verses:

They ask you for a decision of the law. Say: Allah

gives you a ruling concerning one having neither
descendants nor ascendents {as heirs}; if a man dies,
leaving no child but (only) a sister, she will have half of
what he left, and he shall be her heir if she {dies and}
has no child; but if there be two sisters (or more), they
will have two-thirds of what he left; and if there are
both brothers and sisters, then the male will have the
share of two females; Allah makes clear to you {His
law} lest you go astray and Allah knows all things.
(Surah an-Nisa 4: 176)
 Conclusion
- The development of mathematical knowledge in the highlights of
Islamic civilization as early as the 9th century through the 12th
century saw the emergence of various scholars and new
knowledge that became the cornerstone of modern mathematical
science today
- The existence of certain verses in the Quran is seen as having a
relationship with the mathematical sciences utilized by Islamic
scholars in developing it, in accordance with the purpose of the
Quran to be revealed so that human beings can use their common
sense in applying for every Allah‘s order in the Quran