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Introduction To Biotechnology

Here are definitions for the requested biotechnology terms: - Cloning: The process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. - Clonal Offspring: Organisms produced asexually from a single parent or single ancestral organism, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical. - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. - Genetics: The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. - Genetic Engineering: The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. - GMO: Genetically Modified Organism. An

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67 views41 pages

Introduction To Biotechnology

Here are definitions for the requested biotechnology terms: - Cloning: The process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. - Clonal Offspring: Organisms produced asexually from a single parent or single ancestral organism, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical. - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. - Genetics: The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. - Genetic Engineering: The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. - GMO: Genetically Modified Organism. An

Uploaded by

Robin Sebastian Coronel
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Introduction to

Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology?

• Biotechnology is the manipulation of


living organisms and organic material to
serve human needs.
• Examples:
– Yeast in bread making and alcohol
production
– Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill
harmful organisms
– Cloning of plants and animals
– Artificial insemination
Biotechnology Industry

• Research is conducted by small


companies, large corporations, and
public universities.
Biotechnology Industry

• Funding comes from a variety of


sources:
– Public (government)
– Private (companies and foundations)
• California passed a $300 billion
referendum for research in stem cells in
2004.
Biotechnology Industry

• Focuses on a variety of research areas


including:
– Health/medicine
– Food science
– Environmental science
– Agriscience
Impact of Biotechnology

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)


are consumed by millions of people
(especially Americans) EVERY DAY.
– Almost 56% of all soybean plantings
worldwide are genetically engineered (much
higher in the US)
Impact of Biotechnology

• Genetically modified crops were


produced on more than 167 million acres
in 18 countries in 2003, a 15% increase
from 2002
– The US was the largest single producer with
more than 60% of the total acreage in
production.
Impact of Biotechnology

• The NC Biotechnology Center predicts


that the biotechnology industry in the
state will contribute more than $25 billion
in annual income each year within the
next 25 years.
Pioneers in
Biotechnology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

• 1675
• Discovers bacteria using a simple
microscope
Gregor Mendel

• 1863
• Austrian monk who
conducted the first
genetics experiments
using pea plants in
the mid 1800s.
• Often considered the
founder of genetics.
Louis Pasteur

• 1870’s
• Disproved the notion of
spontaneous generation,
describing the role of
bacteria in spoilage and the
scientific basis for
fermentation
• Created the rabies vaccine
Robert Hooke

• 1665
• Invented the compound light microscope
• First to observe cells in cork
James Watson & Francis
Crick
• 1953
• Englishmen
responsible for the
discovery of the
double helix
structure of DNA
using X-ray
photographs
Paul Berg

• 1972
• Stanford University
scientist who first
developed recombinant
DNA technology, a method
for insertion of genetic
material from one
organism into another.
Historical
Development
of
Biotechnolgoy
1750 B.C.

• Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in


methods of food production and plant
and animal breeding
– Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food
preservation)
– Use of natural enzymes in yogurt
– Use of yeast to produce bread
– Use of fermentation for producing wine and
beer
1869

• DNA is discovered in trout sperm by


German Miescher
1919

• The word “biotechnology” is first used


by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.
1940’s-1950’s

• Widespread work is undertaken to


investigate the structure and function of
DNA
1980

• The U.S. Supreme


Court approves
the patenting of
genetically altered
organisms.
1980’s-1990’s

• A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology


techniques are introduced in fields from
agriculture to medicine
– Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA
from one organism for use in another,
allowing more rapid and specific
improvements in plants and animals
– Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread
acceptance as a method to quickly and
cheaply produce genetically identical plants
1990’s

• First transgenic organisms (GMO’s) are


introduced in widespread agricultural
production, particularly in the area of
crops.
– Bt corn and soybeans are introduced
offering “natural” insect resistance by the
introduction of a gene from the bacterium
Baccillus thuringensis
1997

• Dolly is the first animal cloned from


diploid cells is produced in Scotland
Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s

• Human cloning
is outlawed in
the U.S. and the
first concerns
over the use of
human stem
cells in research
begin to arise.
Biotechnology
and
Agriscience
Biotechnology and
Agriscience
• There has been increased activity and
research between different agricultural
areas with common research techniques
and goals
– Plant Science
– Animal Science
– Environmental Science
– Health/Agri-Medicine
Plant Science

• Wide scale
production of
transgenic
plants
impacting
horticulture
Animal Science

• Increased use of methods of in vitro


fertilization and artificial insemination
improve selected breed programs
Environmental Science

• Use of biotechnology techniques in


environmental science for cleaning
contaminants and protecting endangered
species
– Bioremediation-use of natural organisms to
clean contaminants
Environmental Science

• Immunoassay tests are used to test for


the presence of contaminants in soil,
water and even blood
• Installation of biological barriers to
prevent the transfer of harmful
microorganisms between production
facilities
– Example: Tire wash channels
Health/Agri-medicine

• Pharming-the creation of plants and


animals capable of producing medical
substances
• The use of biological barriers to prevent
the spread of harmful microorganisms
that could contaminate food sources
Health/Agri-medicine

• DNA analysis/paternity testing has


emerged as a technique to test the
genetic ancestry of animals
Problems with
Biotechnology
in Agriculture
Problems with Biotechnology

• Transfer of genes found in transgenic


organisms to natural populations.
– Terminator genes have been used to
minimize this risk
Problems with Biotechnology

• Unexpected impacts of genetically


modified organisms and biotechnology
processes on other organisms and the
environment
Problems with Biotechnology

• Expense of the utilization of many


biotechnology techniques
– Cost of producing transgenic animals (There
are transgenic fish, but no livestock yet.)
Problems with Biotechnology

• Concerns over the safety


and ethics of
incorporating GMO’s into
food for human
consumption
– Allergens
– Example: The use of
Starlink corn in taco shells
not approved for human
consumption
Problems with Biotechnology

• Lack of education
among both
consumers and
producers
concerning
biotechnology
processes and
products
Biotechnology
Terms
Biotechnology Terms

• Use your biotechnology books to define


the following terms:
– Cloning
– Clonal Offspring
– Deoxyribonucleic acid
– Genetics
– Genetic Engineering
– GMO
– Ribonucleic Acid
– Transgenic Organism

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