Unit V: - Turbines

UNIT V
• TURBINES
Turbines
What is a TURBINE?
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas,
air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work.
 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving

part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum
with blades attached.
 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and

impart rotational energy to the rotor
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
According to the type of energy at inlet

(a) Impulse turbine
(b) Reaction turbine.
According to the direction of flow through runner
(a) Tangential flow turbine
(b) Radial flow turbine
(c) Axial flow turbine
(d) Mixed flow turbine.
According to the head at the inlet of turbine
(a) High head turbine.
(b) Medium head turbine.
(c) Low head turbine.
According to the specific speed of the turbine

(a) Low specific speed turbine.
(b) Medium specific speed turbine.
(c) High specific speed turbine.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle is very much simple.
When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the
blades are displaced, which produces rotational
energy.
When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an
electric generator mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power
Basic types of turbines
Water Turbine
Steam Turbine
Gas Turbine
Wind Turbine
Although the same principles apply to all
turbines, their specific designs differ
sufficiently to merit separate descriptions
Water turbines
Impulse turbines Reaction turbines
Impulse Turbine
 In an Impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired
through a narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make
them spin around.
 The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-
shaped so they catch the fluid.
 In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the
turbine at high speed.
PELTON WHEEL (OR) TURBINE
The main parts of the Pelton turbine are

1.Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
(spear)
2. Runner and buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet.
Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
Runner with Buckets
Casing
Velocity Triangles
Types of Impulse Turbines
I. Pelton Turbine
Pelton’s Wheel
Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams
of water against a rotary series of spoon-
shaped buckets, also known as impulse blades,
which are mounted around the circumferential
rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.
As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the
direction of water velocity is changed to
follow the contours of the bucket.
Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height:
(50 - 2000 m) and Flow rate is (4 - 15 m^3/s)
Applications
Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for
hydro-power, when the available water source
has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow
rates. Pelton wheels are made in all sizes.
For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel

and turbine system is designed such that the
water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the
rotating buckets.
Cross-flow Turbine
It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903
and is used for low heads. (10–70 meters)
 As with a water wheel, the water is admitted
at the turbine's edge. After passing the runner,
it leaves on the opposite side.
 Going through the runner twice provides
additional efficiency.
The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine
that is well suited for locations with a low head
but high flow.
Cross-flow Turbine
Applications
The peak Efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is
somewhat less than a Kaplan, Francis and Pelton
turbine.
It has a low price and good regulation.
As water going through the runner twice, provides
additional efficiency.
Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and
micro hydropower units.
Its good point as When the water leaves the
runner, it also helps clean the runner of small
debris and pollution.
Reaction Turbine
In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are

achieved by the reaction of an accelerating water
flow in the runner while the pressure drops.
The reaction principle can be observed in a rotary

lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drives the
rotor in the opposite direction.
Types of Reaction Turbines
Kaplan Turbine
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that
was developed by James B.Franceis and are used
for medium head(45-400 m) and medium
discharge.(10-70 m^3/s)
The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a
category of turbine in which the working fluid
comes to the turbine under immense pressure and
the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from
the working fluid.
The turbine's exit draft tube is to help decelerate
the water flow and recover the pressure.
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
Applications
 Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600
m (130 to 2,000 ft).
 Its efficiency decreases as flow decreases.
Kaplan Turbine
The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has
adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high
discharges.
It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor
Kaplan.
The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine,
which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it
moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.
The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the
turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially
through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller
shaped runner, causing it to spin.
The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and
Flow rate 4 – 550 m3/s
Reaction Turbine (Kaplan Turbine)
Applications
Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the
world for electrical power production.
They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are
especially suited for high flow conditions.
Large Kaplan turbines are individually designed for
each site to operate at the highest possible
efficiency, typically over 90%.
They are very expensive to design, manufacture
and install, but operate for decades.
Types of Draft-Tubes
Conical draft-tubes
Simple elbow tubes
Moody spreading tubes and
Elbow draft-tubes with circular inlet and
rectangular outlet.
Conical draft-tubes
Simple Elbow tubes
Moody spreading tubes
Elbow draft-tubes with circular inlet and rectangular outlet
Main Characteristic Curves or Constant Head Curves
KAPLAN TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE
Operating Characteristic Curves or Constant
Speed Curves.
Muschel Curves or Constant Efficiency Curves
SPECIFIC SPEED

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UNIT V

 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving

 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and

According to the type of energy at inlet

According to the specific speed of the turbine

The main parts of the Pelton turbine are

For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel

In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are

The reaction principle can be observed in a rotary

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