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    Diffusion: Chapter#04

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    Asma Riaz
    Diffusion is the process by which atoms move from one location to another within a solid material. It can occur through vacancy diffusion or interstitial diffusion. The rate of diffusion is expressed as a flux and is proportional to the concentration gradient, as described by Fick's first law. In steady-state diffusion, the flux does not change with time and concentration can be plotted against position. Non-steady state diffusion refers to situations where concentration changes over time. The rate of diffusion increases exponentially with temperature and is dependent on the diffusing species.

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    Diffusion: Chapter#04

    Uploaded by

    Asma Riaz
    36 views26 pages
    Diffusion is the process by which atoms move from one location to another within a solid material. It can occur through vacancy diffusion or interstitial diffusion. The rate of diffusion is expressed as a flux and is proportional to the concentration gradient, as described by Fick's first law. In steady-state diffusion, the flux does not change with time and concentration can be plotted against position. Non-steady state diffusion refers to situations where concentration changes over time. The rate of diffusion increases exponentially with temperature and is dependent on the diffusing species.

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    Types of diffusion

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    Diffusion

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    Diffusion is the process by which atoms move from one location to another within a solid material. It can occur through vacancy diffusion or interstitial diffusion. The rate of diffusion is expressed as a flux and is proportional to the concentration gradient, as described by Fick's first law. In steady-state diffusion, the flux does not change with time and concentration can be plotted against position. Non-steady state diffusion refers to situations where concentration changes over time. The rate of diffusion increases exponentially with temperature and is dependent on the diffusing species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views26 pages

    Diffusion: Chapter#04

    Uploaded by

    Asma Riaz
    Diffusion is the process by which atoms move from one location to another within a solid material. It can occur through vacancy diffusion or interstitial diffusion. The rate of diffusion is expressed as a flux and is proportional to the concentration gradient, as described by Fick's first law. In steady-state diffusion, the flux does not change with time and concentration can be plotted against position. Non-steady state diffusion refers to situations where concentration changes over time. The rate of diffusion increases exponentially with temperature and is dependent on the diffusing species.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Diffusion

    CHAPTER#04
    WHY STUDY Diffusion?
    The steel gear shown on this page has been case hardened that is, its hardness and resistance to
    failure by fatigue have been enhanced by diffusing excess carbon or nitrogen into the outer
    surface layer.
    Introduction
    Many reactions and processes that are important in the treatment of materials rely
    on the transfer of mass either within a specific solid (ordinarily on a microscopic level)
    or from a liquid, a gas, or another solid phase. This is necessarily accomplished by
    diffusion, the phenomenon of material transport by atomic motion.
    Demonstration of diffusion
    The phenomenon of diffusion may be demonstrated with the use of a diffusion couple, which is
    formed by joining bars of two different metals together so that there is intimate contact
    between the two faces for copper and nickel.
    This couple is heated for an extended period at an elevated temperature (but below the melting
    temperature of both metals), and cooled to room temperature.
    Demonstration of diffusion
    Types of diffusion
    1. Inter-diffusion or impurity diffusion
    2. Self diffusion
    Diffusion mechanism
    Diffusion mechanism
    From an atomic perspective, diffusion is just the stepwise migration of atoms from lattice site to
    lattice site.
    In fact, the atoms in solid materials are in constant motion, rapidly changing positions.
    Diffusion mechanism
    For an atom to make such a move, two conditions must be met:
    (1) there must be an empty adjacent site
    (2) the atom must have sufficient energy to break bonds with its neighbor atoms and then cause
    some lattice distortion during the displacement.
    Diffusion mechanism
    This energy is vibrational in nature. At a specific temperature some small fraction of the total
    number of atoms is capable of diffusive motion, by virtue of the magnitudes of their vibrational
    energies. This fraction increases with rising temperature.
    Two models for this atomic motion have been proposed.

    1. Vacancy Diffusion
    2. Interstitial Diffusion
    Steady state diffusion
    Steady state diffusion
    Diffusion is a time-dependent process.
    Often it is necessary to know how fast diffusion occurs, or the rate of mass transfer. This rate is
    frequently expressed as a diffusion flux (J), defined as the mass (or, equivalently, the number of
    atoms) M diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of solid per unit of
    time. In mathematical form, this may be represented as

    where A denotes the area across which diffusion is occurring and t is the elapsed diffusion time.
    The units for J are kilograms or atoms per meter squared per second (kg/m2-s or atoms/m2-s).
    Steady state diffusion
    If the diffusion flux does not change with time, a steady-state condition exists.
    When concentration C is plotted versus position (or distance) within the solid x, the resulting
    curve is termed the concentration profile; the slope at a particular point on this curve is the
    concentration gradient
    Steady state diffusion
    The mathematics of steady-state diffusion in a single (x) direction is relatively simple, in that the
    flux is proportional to the concentration gradient through the expression

    The constant of proportionality D is called the diffusion coefficient, which is expressed in square
    meters per second. The negative sign in this expression indicates that the direction of diffusion is
    down the concentration gradient, from a high to a low concentration.
    This is sometime called fick’s First law
    Nonsteady-State Diffusion
    Nonsteady-State Diffusion
    Factors that effect diffusion
    Factors that effect diffusion
    1. Diffusing Species
    2. Temperature
    The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients is
    The END

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