Design of Surfaces & Guideways: Prepared by

DESIGN OF SURFACES & GUIDEWAYS
PREPARED BY :
JOSSIEMAR CONDE AND LOUIE CAUNCA
Introduction :
-HIGHWAY PAVEMENT ( is the durable surface

material laid down on an area intended to sustain
vehicular or foot traffic,such as road or walkway.
 Why do we care about Materials for
the roads?
-Roadway materials, and particularly
roadway surfacing materials, such as
aggregate or paving, can be half the cost
of a road. Selection of materials directly
affects the function, structural support,rider
comfort, environmental impact and safety of the
road and user.
 Where are they needed?
 Materials and quality control of those
materials are needed in the following:
-In roadway surfacing materials.
-In the road subgrade.
-In structural fill embankments.
-In quarries and borrow pits.
Difference between Flexible and Rigid
Pavement
 The Driving Surface
 On low-volume roads, a variety of
surfacing options exist. The most common
surfacing types,are:
-Native Soil
-Crushed Aggregate
-Cobblestone or Concrete Block
-Bituminous Seal Coats
-Asphalt Concrete
 Selection of surfacing materials depends
on availability of materials, their cost, and
road use (weight and amount of traffic).
-Native soil is the least expensive, and often poorest

material.
-Crushed aggregate is the most common improved
surfacing material.
-Asphalt concrete is the best, smoothest, and most
expensive surface.
-Dust palliatives may be used to reduce dust.
Common palliatives are water, lignins,chlorides, and
oils. Use depends on product costs, soils, and pattern of
road use.
Typical Road
Surfacing
Types
 Aggregate Base and Surfacing Requirements
-Agggregate needs to be a well graded mix of

coarse particles with sufficient fines to maximize
density but not lose the strength of the
Rock.Aggregate Specifications include the allowable
gradation ranges, as well as materials quality test
requirements
-For Gradation
-Use Base Course where confined undera seal coator
pavement (2-9% fines).
-Use Surface Course aggregate where placed directly on
the road surface (6-15% fines)
.
-For Durability
- (35 Min) and Abrasion Resistance (40 Max).
-For Plasticity
- PI =6 Max for Base, PI = 5-10 for Surface
Course Aggregate.
(Note that in wetclimates the PI may be dropped

and the % fines increased).
Soil-Aggregate
Mixtures.
 Subgrade Reinforcement
-On low-volume roads, Subgrade Reinforcement
(to achieve a strong structural section) is most
often achieved using a layer of crushed
aggregate placed over a weaker in-place subgrade
soil. Structural section thickness requirements are
a function of soil type, vehicle weight, and amount
of traffic. The USDA Forest Service Earth and
Aggregrate Surfacing Design Guide (1996) offers
useful design information for aggregate surfacing.
 Three typical aggregate
surfacing options used on Low-volume roads:
-Over most granular soils, a 4 to 6 inch layer is
sufficient.
-Over soft, clay rich soils or moisture
sensitive silty soils, with light to moderate
traffic, 8 to 12 inches of base aggregate is common.
-Over very soft soils or with heavy traffic,
surfacing thicknesses may be 12 to 24
inches, or more.
Aggregate Surfacing
Options-Poor to Best.
 Compaction
-Compaction is the single most efficient and

cost - effective way to improve a soil’s
properties, including density, strength,
moisture resistance, and reduced swell
potential.
 Soil Improvement or Reinforcement
Methods
-Compact native soils(as outlined above).

-Remove and replace with Select Material.
-Drain the road subgrade (underdrains/filter blankets).
-Use Geotextiles plus aggregate cover.
-Limit road use during wet periods.
-Improve the native soil in-place by mixing with
cement, lime, asphalts, resins, chemicals,
enzymes, etc. (Each soil additive has particular
requirements for use and effectiveness)
 Sources of Materials
On site quarries or borrow pits, relatively near a

project, can produce major cost savings for
a project.
-The site should be investigated

for quantityand qualityof materials.
-Locate the site to minimize
environmental impacts.
 Quality Control/Sampling and Testing
-Quality control of materials being used in a project
includes guaranteeing that the material has appropriate
properties, such as durability,hardness,strength, compaction, or
gradation. Such control is kept through selection of
representative samples of the material and testing to insure that
they meet the appropriate materials properties.
Reject or modify materials that do not meet
specifications.
 Summary
-What is most important about roadway materials and materials
sources?
•Know your Soil Typesand Traffic.
•Select the Appropriate Surfacing Standard.
•Use Appropriate Aggregate Gradation(Base
or Surface Aggregate).
•Consider In-place Soil Stabilizationif Cost-effective.
•Use Cost-Effective Local Materials.
•Use Adequate QualityControl and Sampling & Testing.
•Compact your Soils and Aggregates.
•Drain your Materials.
•Develop Quarries then Reclaim Them!
PRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENT DESIGN
DESIGN METHODS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENT
Design by Precedent - it calls for 6 inches of compacted base course

froma a quarry topped by 2 inches of asphalt concrete surfacing.
California Method - which deals with three permanent deformation, (I)

the effect of traffic,equivalent 18k lb load,(II) the strength characteristics
of the soil and base and (III) the tensile strength characteristics of
materials above subgrade.
SETTING SLAB THICKNESS FOR CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
Portland Cement Design Method
1. Slabs will be of uniform thickness
2. Critical stresses occur when tires are positioned at the edge
of the transverse joint
3. Maximum tensile stress occurs in the bottom of the slab
4. Load transfer across transverse joints essential to prevent
faulting
5.The design aims to prevent fatigue failure from flexure under
repeated loads.
RAILROAD TRACK
- Rail tracks are the surface structures that support and guide trains
or other rail guided transportation vehicles.
MAJOR TRACK COMPONENTS
-BALLAST ( provide vertical and lateral stability to the track,drain

water adequately and allow the track to be adjusted by manual or
mechanical means. )
-TIE ( generally laid perpendicular to the rails,ties transfer loads to
the track ballast and subgrade. )
-RAIL ( support and provide guidance for the flanged wheels on rail
vehicles and transmit wheel loads to the ties.

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DESIGN OF SURFACES & GUIDEWAYS

-HIGHWAY PAVEMENT ( is the durable surface

-Native soil is the least expensive, and often poorest

-Agggregate needs to be a well graded mix of

(Note that in wetclimates the PI may be dropped

-Compaction is the single most efficient and

-Compact native soils(as outlined above).

On site quarries or borrow pits, relatively near a

-The site should be investigated

Design by Precedent - it calls for 6 inches of compacted base course

California Method - which deals with three permanent deformation, (I)

MAJOR TRACK COMPONENTS

-BALLAST ( provide vertical and lateral stability to the track,drain

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