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    Basic of Autoimmunity

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    mahadevabhu07
    Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It can be classified as either organ-specific or systemic. The breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to autoimmunity may involve the failure to delete autoreactive lymphocytes, abnormal presentation of self-antigens, or epitope spreading where reactions against one self-antigen damage other tissues and activate lymphocytes against them. Common autoimmune endocrine diseases affect the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pituitary gland.

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    Basic of Autoimmunity

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    mahadevabhu07
    76 views13 pages
    Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It can be classified as either organ-specific or systemic. The breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to autoimmunity may involve the failure to delete autoreactive lymphocytes, abnormal presentation of self-antigens, or epitope spreading where reactions against one self-antigen damage other tissues and activate lymphocytes against them. Common autoimmune endocrine diseases affect the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pituitary gland.

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    Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It can be classified as either organ-specific or systemic. The breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to autoimmunity may involve the failure to delete autoreactive lymphocytes, abnormal presentation of self-antigens, or epitope spreading where reactions against one self-antigen damage other tissues and activate lymphocytes against them. Common autoimmune endocrine diseases affect the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pituitary gland.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    76 views13 pages

    Basic of Autoimmunity

    Uploaded by

    mahadevabhu07
    Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It can be classified as either organ-specific or systemic. The breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to autoimmunity may involve the failure to delete autoreactive lymphocytes, abnormal presentation of self-antigens, or epitope spreading where reactions against one self-antigen damage other tissues and activate lymphocytes against them. Common autoimmune endocrine diseases affect the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pituitary gland.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    AUTOIMMUNITY

    Basics

    Dr. Manoj Mahadev


    HICO/Microbiologist
    1
    Immune Regulation
    A defect in any arm of the immune system can trigger
    autoimmunity

    Complement

    T cells B cells
    2
    DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE
    SYSTEM
    *
    Immunodeficiency
    • Too little
    * Hypersensitivity
    • Too much
    * Autoimmunity
    • Misdirected
    3
    Autoimmunity Origins
    Horror autotoxicus:
    Literally, the horror of
    self-toxicity.
    A term coined by the
    German immunologist
    Paul Ehrlich (1854-
    1915) to describe the
    body's innate aversion
    to immunological self-
    destruction.

    4
    Autoimmunity is …..
    • Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism in
    recognizing its own constituent parts as non self,
    which allows an immune response against its
    own cells and tissues. Any disease that results
    from such an aberrant immune response is
    termed an autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity
    is often caused by a lack of germ development
    of a target body and as such the immune
    response acts against its own cells and tissues.

    5
    Autoimmunity :
    General principles and observations
    • Autoimmunity results from a failure or breakdown of the
    mechanisms normally responsible for maintaining self-
    tolerance in B cells, T cells, or both.
    • The major factors that contribute to the development of
    autoimmunity are genetic susceptibility and environmental
    triggers, such as infections.
    • Autoimmune diseases may be either systemic or organ
    specific.
    • Various effector mechanisms are responsible for tissue
    injury in different autoimmune diseases.
    • Epitope spreading: Autoimmune reactions initiated against
    one self antigen that injure tissues may result in the release
    and alterations of other tissue antigens, activation of
    lymphocytes specific for these other
    6
    antigens, and exacerbation of the disease.
    Self-Nonself discrimination

    Non-self
    Self
    or foreign

    No response Strong response

    7
    Autoimmunity
    • Basically means
    immunity to self
    • A condition that
    occurs when the
    immune system
    mistakenly attacks and
    destroys healthy body
    tissue.

    8
    Dr.T.V.Rao MD
    1
    Can be classified into clusters that are either
    organ-specific or systemic
    Autoimmunity Classification

    10
    Mechanisms hypothesized to be involved
    in the breakdown of tolerance
    • Failure to delete auto reactive lymphocytes
    • Central tolerance failure
    • Peripheral tolerance failure
    • Molecular mimicry
    • Abnormal presentation of self antigens
    • Aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex
    • class II molecules
    • Coupling of self and nonself antigens
    • Overproduction of self antigens
    • Disclosure of cryptic T-cell epitopes
    • Release of sequestered self antigens
    • Epitope spreading
    • Polyclonal lymphocyte activation

    11
    Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases
    Thyroid
    Hashimoto’s disease (autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase)
    Primary myxoedema (atrophy of the thyroid)
    Graves’ disease (autoantibodies against TSH-R)
    Pancreas
    Type I diabetes
    Adrenal
    Addison’s disease (chronic endocrine disorder; adrenal glands
    produce insufficient steroid hormones
    Gonads
    Autoimmune oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries)
    Autoimmune orchitis (testicular pain involving swelling, inflammation and
    infection)
    Pituitary
    Lymphocytic hypophysitis (low production of one or more hormones by the
    pituitary gland due to autoantibodies and autoimmunity)

    12

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