Water Supply and Hydraulic Structure

IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
There is much importance of Hydraulic structures in civil engineering. This sector can be
described as a neglected field in the world. Many engineers, especially civil engineers build fluid
retaining structures which stand with different structures. Some of the structures include weirs, canals,
aqueducts, and notches.
Hydraulic structures are anything that can be used to divert, restrict, stop, or otherwise manage
the natural flow of water. They can be made from materials ranging from large rock and concrete
to obscure items such as wooden timbers or tree trunks. This deal with different concerns and
problems related to water. These areas include dams, piping systems, pumping stations, gabion,
irrigation systems, and sewerage systems among many other aspects. These are areas that are very
important in society.
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
Dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river or a natural stream to store

water on its upstream side. It is an impervious or fairly impervious barrier put across a river
or a natural stream to create a reservoir for impounding water. Also to diverse a water from
river, or to retain debris flowing in the river along with water.
Spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a
downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they
may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and
damage or destroy the dam.
Breakwaters are structures constructed near the coasts as part of coastal management or to
protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and longshore drift.
Flume is a human-made channel for water in the form of an open declined gravity
chute whose walls are raised above the surrounding terrain, in contrast to a trench or ditch.
Flumes are not to be confused with aqueducts, which are built to transport water, rather than
transporting materials using flowing water as a flume does. Flumes route water from
a diversion dam or weir to a desired material collection location.
Weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow
characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. There
are many designs of weir, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the weir crest
before cascading down to a lower level.
Barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which consists of a number of large gates
that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing through. This allows
the structure to regulate and stabilize river water elevation upstream for use in irrigation
and other systems.
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations,

community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is
covered separately.
In 2015, 92% of the total population had access to "at least basic water", or 94% in
urban areas and 90% in rural areas. In 2015, there were still 8 million people without access
to "at least basic water". The term "at least basic water" is a new term since 2016, and is
related to the previously used "improved water source". In earlier years, according to the Joint
Monitoring Program (JMP) report on March 2012, 43% of the Philippines had access to Level
III private water service providers in 2010. Access to an improved water source increased from
84% in 1990 to 92% in 2012. However, there is a wide inconsistency between the access to
water of urban areas (61%) and rural areas (25%). Although overall spending remained low,
the national government has begun increasing investments in sectors outside Metro Manila.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which
provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes:
• A drainage basin (see water purification - sources of drinking water).
• A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water accumulates, such as a lake, a river,
or groundwater from an underground aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using uncovered ground-level aqueducts,
covered tunnels or underground water pipes to water purification facilities.
• Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water pipes (usually underground).
• Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers. Smaller water systems may store the water
in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to store water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to
reach the upper floors.
• Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may need to be situated at the outlet of underground or
above ground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).
• A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be private houses or industrial, commercial or
institution establishments) and other usage points (such as fire hydrants).
• Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in some developing countries) are generally found
downstream of the water consumers, but the sewer system is considered to be a separate system, rather than part of the
water supply system.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and
pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its
source to the point of usage.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
• It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure head.
• It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during firefighting.
• The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair of any
section of the system.
• All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above the sewer lines.
• It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts
generally follow the layouts of roads. There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks;
any one of which either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. These are:
GRID IRON SYSTEM
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water

mains and branches are laid in rectangles.
Advantages:
• Water is kept in good circulation due to the absence of dead ends.
• In the cases of a breakdown in some section, water is available
from some other direction.
Disadvantages:
• Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is not possible due to provision
of valves on all branches.
RING SYSTEM
The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads

and sub mains branch out from the mains. Thus, this system
also follows the grid iron system with the flow pattern
similar in character to that of dead end system. So,
determination of the size of pipes is easy.
Advantages:
• Water can be supplied to any point from at least two
directions.
RADIAL SYSTEM
The area is divided into different zones. The water is

pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle
of each zone and the supply pipes are laid radially
ending towards the periphery.
Advantages:
• It gives quick service.
• Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.
DEAD END SYSTEM
It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite

pattern of roads.
Advantages:
• Relatively cheap.
• Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to
less number of valves.
Disadvantages:
• Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in
pipes.

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What are the different types of hydraulic structures discussed?

What are the different layouts of distribution networks?

IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

Dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river or a natural stream to store

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations,

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

GRID IRON SYSTEM

It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water

The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads

The area is divided into different zones. The water is

It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite

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