INDUSTRIAL BLACK

&
ITS APPLICATION
Carbon black impart unique properties in
plastics:
-UV Protection
-Electrical conductivities or resistance
-Range of blackness/Jetness/undertone
-Opacity
-Glossness
-Reinforcement
•Gloss is the attribute of surfaces that causes
them to have shiny or lustrous, metallic
appearance

•Opacity Tester indicates relative opacity of

plastic film, printed packaging and other materials.
With a single pass of the light source through your
material, the system measures relative light
transmission on a scale of 0 to 100 Opacity Units,
representing Perfectly transparent to purely
opaque materials, respectively.
Primary Carbon black characteristics that
affect those compound properties are:
-Primary particle size(surface area)
-Structure
-Aggregate size
-Agglomerate
-Pellet properties
All the above properties along with shape
factor is called the Morphology
Speciality black applications are in the
following fields.:

Fibre application
Film and Packaging
Agricultural film
Moulded items
Conductive cable shield
Ink application
Paint application
Coatings and industrial coating application
Weight per unit length (linear density) measure of a
continuous filament or yarn, used traditionally in
textile industry.

It expresses weight in grams of nine kilometers

(9000 meters) length of the material.

Therefore lower the denier number, finer the

material; and higher the denier number, coarser the
material
Fabrics with a high denier count tend to be thick,
sturdy, and durable.
Fabrics with a low denier count tend to be sheer,
soft, and silky.
In terms of fills, in order to be considered a
“microfiber” the fiber must be less than 1 denier,
which is extremely fine.
A human hair is 20 denier, whereas Standard
Fiber’s microfibers are typically 0.9 denier or less.
 Characteristics ASTM NO. KP SERIES
KP 203 KP 107
Fibre application Fibre application
Polypropylene Polyethylene terephthalate staple
staple fibre fibre &
Polybutylene terephthalate

Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) D-3265 115 120

DBP No. (OAN) (cc/100g) D-2414 114 96

CDBP No. (COAN) (cc/100g) D-3493 96 -

ASD (Mean) D-6556 - -

I₂ No. (mg/g) D-1510 122 130

Ash % (max) D-1506 <0.1% <0.1%

S.R # 325 (max) D-1514 <0.0005 <0.0005

S.R # 100 (max) D-1514 nil nil

S.R # 35 (max) D-1514 nil nil

Fines % D-1508 4% 4%

Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) D-5230 14 MAX 14 MAX

Heating loss % (max) D-1509 0.60% 0.6%

 Characteristics

KP 111
(Pressure pipe application)
Equivalent to ElftexTP

Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) 105

DBP No. (OAN) 98

(cc/100g)
CDBP No. (COAN) -

(cc/100g)
N₂SA (m²/g) -

I₂ No. (mg/g) 92

Ash % (max) <0.1%

S.R # 325 (max) <0.0010

S.R # 100 (max) nil

S.R # 35 (max) nil

Fines % 4%

Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) 16 MAX

Heating loss % (max) 0.60%

 Characteristics ASTM NO. Semi -Con
Electra273 Electra275
Medium voltage semi conductive (High voltage semi
shields for power cables) conductive shields for power
cables)

Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) D- >55 >54

3265
DBP No. (OAN) (cc/100g) D- 124 136
2414

CDBP No. (COAN) D- -

(cc/100g) 3493
N₂SA (m²/g) D- -
6556
I₂ No. (mg/g) D- 41 60
1510

Ash % (max) D- <0.1% <0.1%

1506

S.R # 325 (max) D- <10 <5 ppm

1514

S.R # 100 (max) D- nil nil

1514
S.R # 35 (max) D- nil nil
1514
Fines % D- 4% 4%
1508
Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) D- 18-20 14 max
5230

Heating loss % (max) D- 0.60% 0.60%

1509
 Characteristics ASTM NO. KC SERIES
Master batch Application
for Agricultural film application

KC 144
Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) D-3265 58
DBP No. (OAN) (cc/100g) D-2414 67
CDBP No. (COAN) (cc/100g) D-3493 58
ASD (Mean) D-6556 -
I₂ No. (mg/g) D-1510 30
Ash % (max) D-1506 <0.1%
S.R # 325 (max) D-1514 <0.002
S.R # 100 (max) D-1514 <0.0002
S.R # 35 (max) D-1514 nil
Fines % D-1508 4%
Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) D-5230 18-20
Heating loss % (max) D-1509 0.60%
 Characteristics ASTM NO. KP SERIES

KP 103 KP 103
Plastics Liquid Dispersion

Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) D-3265 103 103

DBP No. (OAN) (cc/100g) D-2414 100-105 100-105

CDBP No. (COAN) (cc/100g) D-3493 84-88 84-88

ASD (Mean) D-6556 - -

I₂ No. (mg/g) D-1510 81-85 82-85

Ash % (max) D-1506 <0.2% <0.2%

S.R # 325 (max) D-1514 <0.004 <0.005

S.R # 100 (max) D-1514 <0.001 <0.002

S.R # 35 (max) D-1514 nil nil

Fines % D-1508 4% 4%

Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) D-5230 17-20 17-22

Heating loss % (max) D-1509 0.60% 0.60%

 Characteristics ASTM NO. KP SERIES

KP 202 KP 202
Plastics Footwear
application application

Tint % (ITRB # 3) (mini) D-3265 113-115 113-115

DBP No. (OAN) (cc/100g) D-2414 113-115 110-115

CDBP No. (COAN) (cc/100g) D-3493 95-97 95-97

ASD (Mean) D-6556 - -

I₂ No. (mg/g) D-1510 120-124 120-124

Ash % (max) D-1506 <0.06% <0.06%

S.R # 325 (max) D-1514 <0.004 <0.005

S.R # 100 (max) D-1514 <0.001 <0.001

S.R # 35 (max) D-1514 nil nil

Fines % D-1508 4% 4%

Avg. Pallet hardness (gf) D-5230 18 MAX 18 MAX

Heating loss % (max) D-1509 0.60% 0.60%

The manufacture of polyethylene employs a
free-radical initiator that donates its unpaired
electron to the monomer, making the latter
highly reactive and able to form a bond with
another monomer at this sitea and the
chain-propagation step then repeats itself indefinitely,
and eventually two radicals react (chain termination)
to bring the polymerization to a halt.
.
Ethylene is known as the monomer. Poly(ethylene) is the polymer.

The number of molecules joining up is very variable, but is in the region of

2000 to 20000.
Conditions

Temperature: about 200°C

Pressure: about 2000 atmospheres
a small amount of oxygen as
Initiator:
an impurity as initiator
Organic isocyanates R–NCO react with multifunctional
alcohols to form polymeric carbamates, commonly
referred to as polyurethanes.
ET is produced from high purity ethylene glycol (EG)
and Terephthalic acid (TPA).
Plastics and natural materials such as rubber
or cellulose are composed of very large
molecules called polymers.
Polymers are constructed from relatively Small
molecular fragments known as monomers that
are joined together.

Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples

of natural polymers that have been known and
used since ancient times.
Plastic and Rubber both are polymers, differ
because: ... Rubber can be considered
elastomers, and that's why when compared
to plastics, they are naturally more elastic.

Synthetic rubber is derived from crude

oil, whereas synthetic plastic made of
petroleum and natural gas
The major difference between plastics
and Rubber is related to their mechanical
behavior.

Compared to plastics, Rubber are much

more softer and tensile modulus is
lowered by a factor of 10^3 and Exhibit
greater elongation from which the recovery
is complete.
Further physical difference is that
rubber need to be vulcanized where as
plastics it is not required to be
vulcanized for all applications .Example
in case of high voltage cable
application cross linked plastics are
used.
Polymers can be classified on the basis of molecular
forces like vander waals forces, hydrogen bonds &
dipole dipole interactions.
Polymers are classified as :

1 elastomers- they have elastic character & have

weak intermolecular forces.
Eg natural rubber

2 Fibres- thay have strong hydrogen bond or

dipole dipole interactions between polymers
chain.
Eg nylon 66
3 Thermoplastics- they have intermolecular forces
intermediate between elastomers & fibres.
Eg polythene,Polypropylene

4 Thermosetting polymers- they undergoes

permanent change on heating.
Eg bakelite,Epoxy resin,
Stress strain curve of flexible plastics.
The slope isn't constant as stress increases.
The slope, that is the modulus, is changing with
stress. In general fibers have the highest tensile
moduli and the elastomers have the lowest and
plastics have tensile moduli somewhere in between
fibers and elastomers
There isn't much area under the stress-strain curve at all for the
rigid plastics like Polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate etc. So
we say that materials like this are strong, the slope of the plot is
very steep, which means that it takes a lot of force to deform a
rigid plastic compared to flexible plastics like
polyethylene,polypropylene
Addition polymers:

A polymer formed by direct addition of repeated

monomers without the elimination of by product
molecules is called addition polymers.
Polyvinyl chloride, polythene
Condensation polymers:

A polymer formed by the condensation of 2 or more

than 2 monomers with the elimination of simple
molecules like water, ammonia is called
condensation polymer.
Terylene, bakelite
Polymer Classification by Structure

•Nature of the monomer

•Average chain length and molecular wt.
•Homopolymers or copolymers;
The tacticity of a polymer chain can have a major
influence on its properties. Atactic polymers,
for example, being more disordered, cannot crystallize.

Isotactic :All the H have the same orientation along the chain.
Atactic: All the H have random orientation along the chain.
Syndiotactic:Every alternate H orient the same way.
Polymer Classification by Structure

•Chain topology: how the monomeric

units are connected (branched
homopolymer,crosslinked homopolymer,
graft copolymer etc.).
•Presence or absence of cross-branching
•Method of polymerization
Classification by properties:

•Density
•Thermal properties
•Degree of crystallinity
Physical properties such as hardness,
Strength, machine ability.
•Solubility, permeability to gases
Classification by applications:

•molded and formed objects

•sheets and films
•elastomers
•adhesives
•coatings, paints, inks
•fibres and yarns
 Physical properties of polymers
The physical properties of a polymer such as its
strength and flexibility depend on:

•chain length - in general, the longer the

chains the stronger the polymer;

•side groups - polar side groups give

stronger attraction between polymer
chains, making the polymer stronger;
 Physical properties of polymers
•branching - straight, unbranched chains
can pack together more closely than
highly branched chains, giving
polymers that have higher density, are
more crystalline and therefore stronger;
Physical properties of polymers

•cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked

together
•extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is
harder
• and more difficult to melt.
The crystalline parts of this polymer are shown in blue.
Polymers and "pure substances"

In chemistry, a "pure substance" has a definite

structure, molar mass, and properties.
Most synthetic polymers are really mixtures
rather than pure substances. Their molecular
weights are typically distributed over a wide
Range.
Factors that improve electrical conductivity:

High structure: high structure means

that the carbon black agglomerates form long and branched chains.
Such a structure is ideal for conductive compounds – the required
conductivity can be reached with lower loading levels.

Small particle size: smaller size means higher electrical

conductivity. If the particles are small and relatively
uniform in shape, their surface area is larger than otherwise.
Extra conductive carbon blacks, with the smallest
particle size, provide the highest electrical conductivity.

High porosity: higher particle porosity enables better electrical

conductivity.
 COLOR
PROPERTIES
JETNESS

OF
TONE

PIGMENT
BLACKS TINTING
STRENGTH

TONE

TRANSPARENCE

TONE
Specialty black in plastics:
High Structure Low Structure

Higher Loading Capacity Lower

Lower Gloss Higher

Easier Dispersion Harder

Higher Viscosity Lower

Higher Electrical Conductivity Lower

Weaker and Color Stonger and

Bluer Undertone Browner Undertone
Specialty black in plastics:

Big Particle Size Small Particle Size

Grayer Masstone Blacker

Weaker Tinting Strength Stronger

Bluer Tinting Undertone Browner

Lower Viscosity Higher

Easier Dispersability Harder

Lower Electrical Conductivity Higher

Specialty black in inks:

High Structure Low Structure

Easier Dispersibility Harder

Higher Binder Demand Lower

Higher Viscosity Lower

Lower Jetness Higher

Bluer Undertone Browner

Lower Gloss Higher

reduced Rub Resistance improved

Specialty black in inks:

Larger Particle Size Smaller Particle Size

Easier Dispersibility Harder

Higher Binder Demand Lower

Lower Viscosity Higher

Lower Jetness Higher

Browner Masstone Bluer

Bluer Print Tone Browner

Weaker Tinting Strength Stronger

 MFI (gm/10
Polymer Grade Manufacturer Application
Sl No. min)
1 LLDPE M26500 Relience 50 High Flow grade.
2 LLDPE F19010 Relience 0.90 Blown Flim grade.
Heavy duty Flim
LDPE 22FA002 Relience 0.20
3 application
Lamination film
LDPE 2
4 1020FA20 Relience application
General purpose
LDPE 4
5 24FS040 Relience packaging
6 HDPE 55EF010 Relience 1 Monofilament
General purpose
@2.16Kg
PP AM120N Relience injection moulding
230°C: 12
7 process
@2.16Kg Wall injection
PP AM350N Relience
8 230°C :35 moulding container
@2.16Kg
PP H350FG Relience Fibre and filament
9 230°C :38
Food packaging
PET RELPET G5801 Relience 45 application,
10 Pharmaceuticals
11 EVA N8038 Relience 2.30 Injection for shoes
Melt flow rate is an indirect measure of
molecular weight, with high melt flow rate
corresponding to low molecular weight
and vice versa.
Melt flow rate is inversely proportional to
viscosity of melt at conditions of the test.
450
TEND OF MELT FLOW RATE OF DIFFERENT CARBON BLACK
400 COMPOUND WITH POLYPROPYLENE BASE POLYMER(H350FG)

350

300

250
10kg
200 21kg

150

100

50

0
KP202 AS11 AS138 BP4560I BP3560I
TEND OF MELT FLOW RATE OF DIFFERENT CARBON
BLACK COMPOUND WITH LLDPE+EVA

18.8

18.6

18.4

18.2

18
21kg
17.8

17.6

17.4

17.2

17
VXC200 RG225 E-273 CD7054
Adding fillers to a neat polymer melt changes
its rheology, influencing both the way the melt
processes and the properties of the ultimate
product.

Key factors are filler size and shape, filler

concentration, and the extent of any interactions
among the particles.
The consequences of adding fillers are an increase in
melt viscosity and a decrease in die swell.

Moreover do particle interactions increase the non-

Newtonian range and cause it to occur at a lower
shear rate than for the unfilled polymer melt.

Filled polymers have a higher viscosity at low shear

rates, and yielding may occur with increased filler
concentration (Figure 7).
At higher shear rates the effect of the filler
decreases and the matrix contributions
dominate.

Another effect of the filler is the reduction of

the linear viscoelastic range, characterized by
the onset of the strain dependent behaviour.
Thank You