Group 5 Anna Marie Roja Rembrant Oniot James Peres Stephen Panadero Annie Oberio Iv-Emerald

Group 5
Anna Marie Roja

Rembrant Oniot
James Peres
Stephen Panadero
Annie Oberio
IV-EMERALD
SUBSTANCE THAT
EXIST AS GASES
A gas is a substance that is normally in the gaseous

state at ordinary temperatures and pressure. A
vapor is the gaseous form of any substance that is
a liquid or a solid at normal temperature and
pressures. Thus, 25oC and 1 atm pressure, we
speak water vapor and oxygen.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF GASES
 Assume the volume and shape of their

containers
 Most compressible of the state of matter
 Will mix evenly and completely when

confined to the same container
 Have much lower densities than liquids and
solids
THE KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GASES
 Is the type of energy expanded by a moving

object, or energy o motion.
A gas is composed of molecules that are separated
from each other by distances far greater than their
own dimensions. The molecules can be considered
to be “points” ; that is, they poses mass but have
negligible volume.
 Gas molecules are in constant motion in random

directions, and they frequently collide wit one
another. Collisions among molecules are perfectly
elastic. In other words, energy can be transferred
from one molecule to another as a result of a
collision. Nevertheless, the total energy o all the
molecules in a system remains the same.
 Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor
repulsive forces on one another.
 The average kinetic energy of the

molecules is proportional to the temperature
of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at the
same temperature will have the same
average kinetic energy.
GRAHAM’S LAW of Diffusion
Rates of diffusion and effusion depends on relative velocities of

gas molecules. Diffusion is a natural tendency for mobile
particles (gas and liquid) to travel continuously and to go from
areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration by
gradual mixing and virtue of their kinetic properties.
As the mass of a gas increases, the velocity decreases and all gases
will have the same average kinetic energies at a given
temperature.
Graham’s Law is written as:
Rate of diffusion of A = Molar Mass B

Rate of diffusion of B Molar Mass A
Graham’s law of effusion/diffusion states that the rates of

movement of gases at the same temperature and pressure are
inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar
masses.
EXAMPLE:
I have a Summer job working for the Lynn Sewer
Department as a swimmer. An unknown, perhaps
dangerous gas has been found to diffuse 0.5 times as
fast as Argon. Find the molar mass of the unknown
gas since I at least need to know what I am breathing
when I come up for air.
SOLUTION:
Rate of diffusion of A = Molar Mass B
Rate of diffusion of B Molar Mass A
Rate of diffusion of Ar = Molar Mass gas X

Rate of diffusion of gas X Molar Mass Ar
Further substitution……
Rate of diffusion of 0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

Rate of diffusion of gas 1 39.94
Further substitution…..
0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

6.320
0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

6.320
Multiply by 6.320…….
(6.320) x (0.5) = Molar Mass Gas X
calculate: 12.640 = Molar Mass Gas X

square both sides: 159.76 = Molar Mass Gas X
ALWAYS REMEMBER!
Units of Pressure:
1 atm =760mmHg
=760 torr
=10,1325 Pa
BOYLE’S LAW
 at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume of the gas.
 The General Formula is P1V1=P2V2
Where P1=initial pressure (atm)
V2=initial Volume (L)
P2=final pressure (atm)
V2=final volume (L)
DERIVATIONS
Since pressure has a formula of:
Therefore:
P1V1 = P2V2
Multiply both sides by V

EXAMPLE:
A gas occupying a volume of 725ml at a

pressure of 0.970atm is allowed to expand at
constant temperature until its pressure reaches
0.541atm. What is its final volume?
GIVEN:V1=0.725L P1=0.970ATM
V2=? P2=0.541ATM
APPLICATIONS
 The pressure exerted by a gas results from the
impact o its molecules on the walls of the
container. The collision rate, or the number o the
molecular collisions with the walls per second, is
proportional to the number density of the gas.
Decreasing the volume of a given amount of gas
increases its number density and hence its
collision rate. For this reason, the pressure of the
gas in inversely proportional to the volume it
occupies; as volume decreases, pressure
increases and vice versa.
Charles’ LAW
 at constant pressure the volume is directly
proportional to the temperature
 General Formula is V1T2 = V2T1
Where 0
T1=initial temperature ( C)
V2=initial Volume (L)
0
T2=final temperature ( C)
V2=final volume (L)
EXAMPLE:
What is the volume of a gas sample at 0.95

atm and 25 °C, if its volume is 26 L at 1.2
atm and 14 °C?
Solution:
First, use the relationship between P and V. Since the pressure

decreases , the volume will increase.
26 L (1.2 atm/0.95 atm) = 33 L
If the temperature increases, the volume will also increase. Use

the new volume found above:
33 L (298 K/287 K) = 34 L
If the table shows that only one set of conditions is involved, then
PV=nRT should be directly used.
APPLICATION
When the soda or beer is cold, very little pressure
is released when the bottle is opened. When a
warm soda or beer is opened, it often results in enough
pressure buildup in the bottle to squirt soda or beer out
of the top.
 Because the average kinetic energy of gas molecules
is proportional to the samples absolute temperature,
raising the temperature increases the average kinetic
energy. Consequently, molecules will collide with the
walls of the container more frequently and with
greater impact if the gas is heated, and thus the
pressure increases. The volume of gas will expand
until the gas pressure is balanced by the constant
external pressure.
COMBINED GAS LAWS
 The ratio between the pressure-volume product and the

temperature of a system remains constant.

The General formula is P1V1=P2 V2
T1 T2
EXAMPLE:
A 3.64L volume of methane gas is heated from 250C

to 880C at constant pressure. What is the final
volume of the gas?
GIVEN: T1=250C T2=880C
V1=36.4L V2=?
 V1T2 = V2 T1
T1=250C+273.15=298.15k
T1 T2=220C+273.15=361.4k
V2= V1T2
T1
Gay-Lussac’s law
 at constant volume the pressure is directly proportional
to temperature.

The General Formula is P1 = P 2
T1 T2
EXAMPLE:
 10.0 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa at 25.0°C. What
would be the required temperature (in Celsius) to change
the pressure to standard pressure?
Answer: change 25.0°C to 298.0 K and remember that standard

pressure in kPa is 101.325. Insert values into the equation and get:
The answer is 311.3 K, but the question asks for Celsius, so

you subtract 273 to get the final answer of 38.3°C
APPLICATIONS
The combined gas law applies to any circumstance in which

pressure, temperature, and volume change while quantity
remains constant.
Avogadro's GAS LAW
 is a gas law named after Amedeo Avogadro who,

hypothesized that "Equal volumes of ideal or perfect gases, at
the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number
of molecules.“

The General Formula is V1 = V2
n 1 n2
APPICATION
Lungs expand as they fill with air, while exhaling decreases

the volume of the lungs.
EXAMPLE:
 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the

amount of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what new volume
will result (at an unchanged temperature and pressure)?
V1n2 = V2n1
(5.00 L) (1.80 mol) = (x) (0.965 mol)
Dalton’s Law of Partial
pressure
 it is the sum of individual pressure of gases
 The Formula is PT = P1+P2+P3….Pn

EXAMPLE:
 A mixture of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen gases

exerts a total pressure of 278 kPa. If the partial
pressures of the oxygen and the hydrogen are 112
kPa and 101 kPa respectively, what would be the
partial pressure exerted by the nitrogen.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + . . . Pn

278 kPa = 112 kPa + 101 kPa + Pnitrogen

Pnitrogen = 278 kPa - (112 kPa + 101 kPa)

Pnitrogen = 65 kPa
APPLICATION
Some gasses are collected over water in

laboratory.The gas during collection it becomes
water vapors and moist
 Ifmolecules do not attract or repel one another,
then the pressure exerted by one type of
molecule is unaffected by the presence of
another gas. Consequently, the total pressure is
given by the sum of individual gas pressures.
IDEAL GAS LAW
 is defined as one in which all collisions between
atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and in
which there are no intermolecular attractive
forces.
 The General formula is Pv = nRT
where P=pressure
v=volume
n=number of moles
R=proportionality constant
(0.08205L*atm/k*mol)
T= Temperature (273.15k)
EXAMPLE:
 Sulfurhexafluoride(SF6) is a colorless, odorless,

very reactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm)
exerted by 1.82moles of the gas in a steel vessel of
volume 5.43L at 450C.
Solution:
P=nRT
V
= (1.82mol)(0.0821L*atm/K*mol)(45+273)K
5.43L
= 8.75atm
APPLICATION
Cooking
DENSITY AND MOLAR MASS OF
GASEOUS SUBSTANCES
 The ideal gas equation can be applied to determine the
density or molar mass of a gaseous substance.
Mathematically the equation is
n = P
V RT
The number of moles of the gas, n, is given by
n= m
M
In which m is the mass of the gas in grams and M is its
molar mass. Therefore,
d= m = PM
V RT
The equation enables us to calculate the density of a gas
(given in units of grams per liter). More often, the density of a
gas can be measured, so this equation can be rearranged for us
to calculate the molar mass of gaseous substance:
M = dRT
P
EXAMPLE (in getting the molar mass)
A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous
compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its density is
7.71 g/L at 36°C and 2.88 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the
compound and determine its molecular formula.
Answer:
M = dRT
P
= (7.71g/L)(.0821 L.atm/K.mol)(36+273) K
2.88 atm
=67.9 g/mol
Example (in getting the density)

The molar mass of a gaseous organic
compound is 44.09g/mol at 40oC and
1.97 atm. What is its density?
Answer:
From the formula
We derive…
Continuation…
Then, substitute the given..

ARE YOU READY FOR
AN EVALUATION?
GET A ONE HALF CROSSWISE
PAPER AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
PROBLEMS.
COPY AND ANSWER
SILENTLY!
1.) The volume of a gas at STP is
488mL. Calculate its mol at
22.5atm on a 150OC.
2.)Agas occupying a volume of 725 mL
at a pressure of 0.970atm is allowed
to expand at constant temperature
until its pressure reaches 0.541atm.
What is its final volume?
3.)A sample of nitrogen gas kept in a
container of volume 2.3L and at a
temperature of 32OC exerts a pressure of
4.7 atm. Calculate the number of moles of
gas present.
4.)A mixture of gases contains CH4, C2H6,
and C3H8. If the total pressure is 1.50atm
and the numbers of mole of the gases
present are 0.31 mole for CH4, 0.25 for
C2H6, and 0.29 mole for C3H8, calculate the
partial pressures of gases.

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Group 5

Anna Marie Roja

A gas is a substance that is normally in the gaseous

 Assume the volume and shape of their

 Will mix evenly and completely when

 Is the type of energy expanded by a moving

 Gas molecules are in constant motion in random

 The average kinetic energy of the

Rates of diffusion and effusion depends on relative velocities of

Rate of diffusion of A = Molar Mass B

Graham’s law of effusion/diffusion states that the rates of

Rate of diffusion of Ar = Molar Mass gas X

Rate of diffusion of 0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

0.5 = Molar Mass Gas X

(6.320) x (0.5) = Molar Mass Gas X

calculate: 12.640 = Molar Mass Gas X

Multiply both sides by V

A gas occupying a volume of 725ml at a

What is the volume of a gas sample at 0.95

First, use the relationship between P and V. Since the pressure

26 L (1.2 atm/0.95 atm) = 33 L

If the temperature increases, the volume will also increase. Use

 The ratio between the pressure-volume product and the

A 3.64L volume of methane gas is heated from 250C

Answer: change 25.0°C to 298.0 K and remember that standard

The answer is 311.3 K, but the question asks for Celsius, so

The combined gas law applies to any circumstance in which

 is a gas law named after Amedeo Avogadro who,

Lungs expand as they fill with air, while exhaling decreases

 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the

 it is the sum of individual pressure of gases

 The Formula is PT = P1+P2+P3….Pn

 A mixture of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen gases

Some gasses are collected over water in

 Sulfurhexafluoride(SF6) is a colorless, odorless,

Then, substitute the given..

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