Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research
Prepared by: Amnah Atawi

At the end of completion learning session,
students will be able to :
• Identify ethical principles for protecting human subject.
• Identify procedures for adhering to ethical principles and

protecting human subject.
• Discuss Ethical Issues in Using Animals in Research AND

Research misconduct
• Apply the general guide line for Ethical consideration
• Have a positive attitude about ethical consideration in research

 Introduction
 Definition of ethics
 Ethical principle for protection human subject
 Procedures for protection human subject
 General guide line for Ethical consideration
 Other ethical issue

Introduction
 Ethics is important in research because it keeps the
researcher from committing errors while seeking
knowledge and truth.
 Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible

conduct of research. In addition, it educates and
monitors scientists conducting research to ensure a high
ethical standard.
Definition of Ethics
 Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch

of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending,
and recommending concepts of right and
wrong conduct.
 Three primary ethical principles:
1-Beneficence.
2- Respect for human dignity.
3- Justice.
Beneficence
 Minimize harm and to maximize benefits.
This principle covers multiple dimensions:
1- The Right to Freedom from Harm and Discomfort

In research with humans, harm and discomfort can take many
forms; they can be physical (e.g., injury), emotional (e.g., stress),
social (e.g., loss of social support), or financial (e.g., loss of wages).
Con….
2- The Right to Protection from Exploitation

Involvement in a study should not place participants at a
disadvantage or expose them to situations for which they have
not been prepared.
Respect for Human Dignity
1-The Right to Self-Determination
Researchers should treat participants as
autonomous agents, capable of controlling their
own activities.
Freedom from coercion of any type.
Con….
2-The Right to Full Disclosure

The researcher has fully described the nature of the
study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the
researcher’s responsibilities and likely risks and
benefits.
Con….
The right to self-determination and the right to
full disclosure are the two major elements on
which informed consent.
Full disclosure can sometimes create bias: biases
affecting the accuracy of the data.
Justice
1- The Right to Fair Treatment
 The justice principle concerns the equitable
distribution of benefits and burdens of research.
 Researchers must treat people who decline to
participate in a study or who withdraw from it in a non
prejudicial manner
.
Con….
2-The Right to confidentiality

Participants have the right to expect that any data
they provide will be kept in strictest confidence
 Risk–Benefit Assessments
 Minimal risk is defined as a risk expected to be no
greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or
during routine physical or psychological tests or
procedures.
Informed Consent
Means that participants have adequate information
regarding the research, comprehend the information and
have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent
to or decline participation voluntarily.
Confidentiality Procedures
Anonymity, the most secure means of protecting
confidentiality, occurs when even the researcher cannot
link participants to their data.
Confidentiality in the Absence of Anonymity

When anonymity is impossible, appropriate confidentiality
procedures need to be implemented.
Debriefings and Referrals
Researchers can show their respect for study participants—and
proactively minimize emotional risks—by carefully attending to the
nature of the interactions they have with them.
Treatment of Vulnerable Groups
 Children.
 Mentally or emotionally disabled people. written consent of a
legal guardian.
 Severely ill or physically disabled people.
 The terminally ill.
 Institutionalized people.
 Institutionalized people.
 Pregnant women.
General guidelines for research ethics
1. Quest for truth

 Research activity is a quest for new knowledge, with critical and
systematic verification and peer review.
 Honesty, openness, systematisms and documentation are fundamental
preconditions for achieving this goal.
2. Academic freedom
 Research institutions shall assist in ensuring the researchers’ freedom in
their choice of topic and methodology, implementation of research and
publication of results.
3. Quality
 Research should be of high academic quality.
 Appropriate project implementation in terms of data collection, data
processing and safekeeping/storage of the material.
4. Voluntary informed consent
This consent should be informed, explicit, voluntary and documentable the
purpose is To ensure real voluntariness.
5. Confidentiality
The subjects of research are entitled to have their personal information treated
confidentially.
The researcher must prevent any use and communication of information that
might inflict damage on individuals who are the subjects of research.
6. Impartiality
Impartiality means avoidance of confusing roles and relationships in a way that
may give rise to reasonable doubt concerning conflicts of interest. Openness
regarding relevant roles and relationships that the researcher is involved in
must be maintained in relation to colleagues, research participants, sources of
finance and other relevant parties.
7. Integrity
The researcher is responsible for the trustworthiness of his or her own research.
Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism and similar serious violations of good
academic practice are incommensurate with such trustworthiness.
8. Good reference practice
Researchers must adhere to good reference practices, which fulfil requirements
for verifiability and form the basis for further research.
9. Collegiality
Researchers must show each other respect. They must agree on and comply with
good practices for data ownership and sharing, authorship, publication, peer
review and cooperation in general.
10. Institutional responsibility

The institution is responsible for ensuring compliance with good academic
practice and for establishing mechanisms that can address cases of suspected
violations of ethical research norms.
11. Availability of results
Research results should be made available. Openness regarding research
findings is essential for ensuring verifiability, for returning some benefit to the
research participants and society in general.
12. Social responsibility
Researchers have an independent responsibility to ensure that their research
will be of benefit to research participants, relevant groups or society in general,
and for preventing it from causing harm.
13. Global responsibility

Research institutions and researchers have a responsibility to communicate
relevant knowledge to regions that are otherwise excluded for reasons of
economic disadvantage. Research should help counteract global injustice
and preserve biological diversity.
14. Laws and regulations
In the field of research, there are national laws and regulations as well as
applicable international conventions and agreements, and researchers and
research institutions must abide by these.
OTHER ETHICAL ISSUES
In discussing ethical issues relating to the conduct of nursing

research, we have given primary consideration to the protection of
human study participants.
Two other ethical issues also deserve mention:
1- The treatment of animals in research .
2- Research misconduct.
Ethical Issues in Using Animals in Research
principles for the proper care and treatment of animals used in

research:
• The transport of research animals.
 Alternatives to using animals.
 Pain and distress in animal subjects.
 Researcher qualifications.
 Use of appropriate anesthesia.
 Euthanizing animals under certain conditions during or after
the study.
Research misconduct
Research misconduct:
is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in
proposing, conducting, or reviewing research, or
in reporting results.
Research misconduct
Fabrication:
Involves making up data or study results and reporting them.
Falsification:
Involves manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes;
it also involves changing or omitting data, or distorting results such
that the research is not accurately represented in reports.
Plagiarism:
Involves the appropriation of someone’s ideas, results, or words
without giving due credit, including information obtained through
the confidential review of research proposals or manuscripts.
 If research is based on a strong design and in a safe and
ethical manner, it can be of benefit to all.
Professional codes, laws, regulations, and ethics
committees can provide guidance but ultimate
determinant rests with researcher’s value system and
moral code.

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Ethics in Research

Prepared by: Amnah Atawi

• Identify procedures for adhering to ethical principles and

• Discuss Ethical Issues in Using Animals in Research AND

• Apply the general guide line for Ethical consideration

• Have a positive attitude about ethical consideration in research

 Ethical principle for protection human subject

 Procedures for protection human subject

 General guide line for Ethical consideration

 Other ethical issue

 Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible

 Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch

2- Respect for human dignity.

This principle covers multiple dimensions:

1- The Right to Freedom from Harm and Discomfort

2- The Right to Protection from Exploitation

2-The Right to Full Disclosure

2-The Right to confidentiality

Confidentiality in the Absence of Anonymity

1. Quest for truth

10. Institutional responsibility

13. Global responsibility

In discussing ethical issues relating to the conduct of nursing

principles for the proper care and treatment of animals used in

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