The Plant Kingdom

The Plant Kingdom
The oldest and most simple photosynthetic organisms on earth are algae.
The multicellular algae are separated into divisions based on their photosynthetic
pigments, food storage products, and cell-wall components. The three
major groups include:
Brown algae Red algae Green algae

The Plant Kingdom
Green algae are thought

to have given rise to the
“higher” plants.
They have the same pigments,

storage products, and cell-wall
type. Also, many of them live
in fresh water…
The different plants selected

for adaptations that allowed
them to exploit more of the
terrestrial regions…
What adaptations would you

need for transition of life on
to land?
The Plant Kingdom
What are the problems of the transition from water to land?

Problem 1: Desiccation
Solution: waxy cuticle covers surfaces of leaves.
Problem 2: Waxy cuticle also impermeable to gases… how does gas exchange occur?
Solution: stomata – small pores typically found on the underside of leaves.

The opening and closing of the pores can be controlled as needed.
Problem 3: Structural support… there is no water to hold the plants up
Solution: lignin – an organic polymer that when deposited during secondary

thickening, makes the plant woody and therefore rigid.
Problem 4: Source of water and nutrients?
Solution: Water and nutrients are taken up by the root and vascular systems.
Problem 5: Reproduction – fertilization and dispersal without a liquid medium
Solution: Use complex systems to employ wind, water, and different organisms
for both fertilization and dispersal… more later…
The Plant Kingdom
Although liverworts, mosses,

and particularly ferns have
many adaptations for life on
land, gymnosperms and
angiosperms are the only
plants that are most adapted
for life on land… hence their
success!!!
The Plant Kingdom – structure of a leaf
What is the function of the leaf?
What structural form will

best suit this function?
What are the problems

associated with this
structural form?
How does the plant deal with these problems?

(cuticle, stoma and guard cells, vascular bundle)
The Plant Kingdom – Vascular system
The vascular tissue system is responsible for transport of water, minerals, sugars,
and plant hormones. There are primarily two types of vascular tissues
found in plants:
1. Xylem – responsible for moving water and minerals from roots to shoots.
Typically they make up of non-living tissue…
2. Phloem – carries substances synthesized by the plant, including sugars,
amino acids, and hormones. Phloem cells are however all living… why?
Note that this system is continuous throughout the plant, from the roots all the way
to the smallest of the leaves…
So how do you think water and nutrients get transported using the vascular system?
What are the forces acting on each tissue type?
The Plant Kingdom – Reproduction
Alternation of Generations
Mosses:
Ferns:
Gymnosperms:
The Plant Kingdom – Angiosperm Reproduction
So why are angiosperms so successful?

The Plant Kingdom
How do plants defend themselves against herbivores?
Mechanical defenses:
Waxy cuticle – prevents bacterial and fungal growth
Hairy or sticky leaves – discourage caterpillars and other tiny herbivores
Spines, thorns, and prickles – fend off larger mammalian herbivores
Chemical defenses:
Thousands of different compounds are produced and used by plants.

Some of these chemicals include some of the most powerful drugs
known to humans (e.g. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, morphine, etc.)
The Plant Kingdom
Review of some major concepts in plants:
Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Plants evolved from a green algal ancestor
All plants alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations
Major trends in evolution of the plant kingdom

* growing independence from liquid water
* increasing size and independence of the sporophyte generation
Non-vascular plants include mosses and liverworths…

they lack true leaves and roots… why?
Xylem is a vascular tissue for conducting water and minerals; phloem is a
vascular tissue for conducting foods.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms possess seeds; ferns do not
Non-vascular plants and ferns depend on liquid water for fertilization

The Plant Kingdom
Review of some major concepts in plants (cont.):
The pollen of seed plants has evolved mechanisms for dispersal, so

liquid water is not needed for the transfer of male gametes.
Gymnosperms have a life cycle in which naked seeds are produced on

the scales of cones
Angiosperms are distinguished by the production of flowers and fruits.

The Plant Kingdom

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The Plant Kingdom

Brown algae Red algae Green algae

Green algae are thought

They have the same pigments,

The different plants selected

What adaptations would you

What are the problems of the transition from water to land?

Solution: waxy cuticle covers surfaces of leaves.

Solution: stomata – small pores typically found on the underside of leaves.

Solution: lignin – an organic polymer that when deposited during secondary

Although liverworts, mosses,

What is the function of the leaf?

What structural form will

What are the problems

How does the plant deal with these problems?

So why are angiosperms so successful?

How do plants defend themselves against herbivores?

Waxy cuticle – prevents bacterial and fungal growth

Hairy or sticky leaves – discourage caterpillars and other tiny herbivores

Spines, thorns, and prickles – fend off larger mammalian herbivores

Thousands of different compounds are produced and used by plants.

Review of some major concepts in plants:

Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Major trends in evolution of the plant kingdom

Non-vascular plants include mosses and liverworths…

Non-vascular plants and ferns depend on liquid water for fertilization

Review of some major concepts in plants (cont.):

The pollen of seed plants has evolved mechanisms for dispersal, so

Gymnosperms have a life cycle in which naked seeds are produced on

Angiosperms are distinguished by the production of flowers and fruits.

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