Analog Transmission

Analog Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the

characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in
digital data.
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Digital-to-Analog conversion
Digital-to-analog conversion is a process in which

signals having a few (usually two) defined levels or
states (digital) are converted into signals having a
theoretically infinite number of states (analog).
A common example is the processing, by a modem, of

computer data into audio-frequency (AF) tones that can
be transmitted over a twisted pair telephone line.
The circuit that performs this function is a digital-to-

analog converter (DAC).
Digital-to-analog conversion
Types of Digital-to-Analog conversion
Note
Bit rate is the number of bits per

second. Baud rate is the number of
signal elements per second.
In the analog transmission of

digital data, the baud rate is less
than or equal to the bit rate.
Example
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If

1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.
Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can
find the value of N from
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude
modulation that represents digital data as variations in
the amplitude of a carrier wave.
In an ASK system, the binary symbol 1 is represented by

transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave and fixed frequency
for a bit duration of T seconds.
If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be transmitted;

otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be transmitted.
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
•Demodulation: only the presence or absence of a

sinusoid in a given time interval needs to be determined
• Advantage: simplicity
•Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise

interference – noise usually (only) affects the amplitude,
therefore ASK is the modulation technique most
affected by noise
• Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data over

optical fiber
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
• FSK – frequency of carrier signal is varied to represent

binary 1 or 0
• Peak amplitude & phase remain constant during each bit

interval
• Demodulation: demodulator must be able to determine

which of two possible frequencies is present at a given time
• Advantage: FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK –

receiver looks for specific frequency changes over a number
of intervals, so voltage (noise) spikes can be ignored
•Disadvantage: FSK spectrum is 2 x ASK spectrum
•Application: over voice lines, in high-frequency radio

transmission, etc.
Binary Phase Shift Keying
PSK – Phase of carrier signal is varied to represent binary

1 or 0
• Peak amplitude & frequency remain constant during

each bit interval
• Example: binary 1 = 0º phase, binary 0 = 180º (πrad)

phase ⇒ PSK is equivalent to multiplying carrier signal
by +1 when the information is 1, and by -1 when the
information is 0
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Implementation of BPSK
Phase Shift Keying
•Demodulation: demodulator must determine the

phase of received sinusoid with respect to some
reference phase
•Advantage: ƒ PSK is less susceptible to errors than

ASK, while it requires/occupies the same bandwidth as
ASK ƒ
• More efficient use of bandwidth (higher data-rate)
are possible, compared to FSK.
•Disadvantage: more complex signal detection /

recovery process, than in ASK and FSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
A form of modulation which is widely used for

modulating data signals onto a carrier used for radio
communications.
QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in phase

by 90 degrees are modulated.
The resultant output consists of both amplitude and

phase variations.
Hence it may also be considered as a mixture of

amplitude and phase modulation.
QPSK and its implementation
Note
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK.
ANALOG To ANALOG
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

analog information by an analog signal.
One may ask why we need to modulate an analog

signal; it is already analog.
Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in

nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to
us.
Types of analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude modulation
Note
The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
Figure 5.17 AM band allocation
5.26
Note
The total bandwidth required for FM can

be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
5.27
Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation
5.28
Figure 5.19 FM band allocation
5.29
Figure 5.20 Phase modulation
5.30
Note
The total bandwidth required for PM can

be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
5.31

Analog Transmission

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Analog Transmission

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the

Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Digital-to-analog conversion is a process in which

A common example is the processing, by a modem, of

The circuit that performs this function is a digital-to-

Bit rate is the number of bits per

In the analog transmission of

An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If

In an ASK system, the binary symbol 1 is represented by

If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be transmitted;

•Demodulation: only the presence or absence of a

•Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise

• Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data over

• FSK – frequency of carrier signal is varied to represent

• Peak amplitude & phase remain constant during each bit

• Demodulation: demodulator must be able to determine

• Advantage: FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK –

•Disadvantage: FSK spectrum is 2 x ASK spectrum

•Application: over voice lines, in high-frequency radio

PSK – Phase of carrier signal is varied to represent binary

• Peak amplitude & frequency remain constant during

• Example: binary 1 = 0º phase, binary 0 = 180º (πrad)

•Demodulation: demodulator must determine the

•Advantage: ƒ PSK is less susceptible to errors than

•Disadvantage: more complex signal detection /

A form of modulation which is widely used for

QAM is a signal in which two carriers shifted in phase

The resultant output consists of both amplitude and

Hence it may also be considered as a mixture of

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

One may ask why we need to modulate an analog

Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in

The total bandwidth required for AM

The total bandwidth required for FM can

The total bandwidth required for PM can

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