Disinfection

Disinfection And Types - An
Overview
Name : Babita Patnaik

Roll no. : 65
Mentor : Dr Sambedana Mohanty
Specific Learning Objectives :
● Introduction
● History
● Properties of Ideal disinfectant
● Types of disinfection :
● Agents of disinfection:
1. Natural Agents
2. Physical Agents
3. Chemical Agents
 Factors affecting efficacy of disinfection
 Disinfection procedure
● Public health importance of disinfection

● Summary
Introduction :
Disinfection : Thermal & chemical destruction diseases
causing pathogens or other harmful microorganisms,
but might not kill bacteria spores.
Disinfection helps to stop various communicable

diseases.
Sterilisation is free from all viable microorganisms along

with microbial forms(bacterial spores)
Sterilisation is an absolute condition while disinfection

not.
History :
Semmelweis Lister
( Saviour of Mother) ( Pioneer of Antiseptic Surgery)
[Founder of Antiseptic medicine]
Properties Of Ideal Disinfectant :
1. Broad spectrum 7. Easy to use

2. Fast acting 8. Odourless
3. Not affected by 9. Economical
environmental factors 10. Solubility
4. Nontoxic 11. Stability
5. Surface compatibility 12. Cleaner
6. Residual effect on 13. Environmental
treated surfaces friendly
Types :
 Concurrent disinfection
 Terminal disinfection
 Precurrent disinfection
Agents Of Disinfection :
Natural Agents :
Sun light Air
● UV rays of sun light are ● Exposure to open air

lethal to bacteria and some acts by drying or
viruses. evaporation of moisture
which is lethal to most
bacteria
Physical Agents :
1. Incineration: Thermal
process of burning substance
to make lower it’s volume
2. Plasma pyrolysis :
● Breaking down atoms into
ions & electrons by the
process of ionisation.
● Temp. above 10000 degreeC
3. Hot air :
● Done in a HOT AIR OVEN
● Maintained at 160-180°C at
least for 1 hour
4. Boiling :
● Boiling for 5-10 min.
(Rolling boil)
5. Radiation :
● Gamma rays : Viable, safe,
economy
● UV rays : maximum
bactericidal activity within
240-280 nm
6. Pasteurization :
•Temp. for hot water

pasteurization : 70°C for 30
minutes
7. Autoclaving :
• Moist heat procedure of disinfection at
temp. Above 100 degreeC & under high
pressure.
• Instrument : AUTOCLAVE
• 2 categories :
I. Gravity displacement autoclave
II. High speed prevaccum sterilizer
• 121°C under 15 lbs/sq. For 60
minutes
8. Microwave :
• Radio frequency wave at 2450 MHz,
produced friction of water molecules in
alternative electric field so produce
heat.
Chemical Agents :
1. Phenol and related compounds :
a. Phenol / Carbolic Acid
b. Crude phenol - Mixture of phenol and cresol
● 5% for mopping of floor and cleaning drains
● 10% for disinfection of faeces
● Aq. sol of 0.2-1% Bacteriostatic
c. Cresol –
• 5 to 10% - Disinfection of faeces and urine

d. Cresol Emulsions - Lysol, izal, cyllin
● Lysol contains 50-60% cresol

● 2% lysol - Disinfection of faeces
e. Chlorhexidine (hibitane) -
● 0.5% alcoholic or aq solution for

handlotions
● 1% for burn and hand disinfection
f. Hexachlorphane -
g. Dettol –
5% Dettol - suitable for disinfection of
instruments and plastic equipments for at least 15
minutes
2. Quaternary ammonia compounds :
a. Cetrimide – b. Savlon -
● Combination of cetavlon &

● Trade name Cetavlon
hibitane
● Used in 1-2% strength
● Clinical thermometer best
disinfected in savlon 1 in 6
in spirit for 3 minutes
3. Halogens And Their Compounds :
a. Chlorine and chlorine compounds -

i) Bleaching powder - contains about
33% of “available chlorine”
● 1-3% kills most of the organisms

● 5% solution for disinfection of faeces
and urine for 1 hour
ii) Hypochlorites –
• liquid (sodium hypochlorites), solid

(calcium hypochlorites)
● Aq sol of 5.25-6.15% of sodium

hypochlorites known as Household Bleach
iii) Chlorine tablets -
● Common name halazone
tablet
iv) Alternative compounds-

● Chlorine dioxide, sodium
dichloroisocyanurate,
chloramine-T
v) Superoxidized water -
● Main product of this
water is hypochlorous
acid and chlorine
b. Iodines compounds -
i) Iodine solutions or tincture -
ii) Iodophores -
● Combination of iodine and a stabilizing
agent or carrier
● Most widely used Povidone-
iodine(Betadine)
4. Alcohols :
Ethyl alcohol & Isopropyl alcohol

5. Aldehydes :
Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde
● 2-3% for disinfection of rooms, OTs, walls

and furniture
6. Oxidizing Agents :
i) Potassium permanganate –
ii) Hydrogen peroxide –

• 0.5% in 1 min. - Bactericidal, virucidal &
5 mins. – fungicidal & mycobactericidal
● 3% used as an antiseptic & cleaning
wounds, discharging ulcers
iii) Paracetic acid - Produced by reacting

hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid
•<100 ppm : bacteria, fungi, yeast
•200-250ppm : organic matters
•12-2250ppm : viruses
7. Metals As Microbicides :
Silver, Iron & Copper
8. LIME :
10-20% aq suspension : milk of

lime,
Milk of lime act for 2 hours :
disinfect faeces & urine
9. Ethylene Oxide :
Heat sensitive articles sterilize

at 55-60°C
10. Ozone :
● Powerful oxidant
● Highly unstable
(Half life - 22 min.)
Factors Affecting Efficacy Of Disinfection :
1. Cleaning
2. Pathology types
3. Biofilm accumulation
4. Luman length and lumen diameter
5. Restricted flow
6. Devide design and construction

Disinfection Procedure :
• Water
• Blood and Body discharge
• Faeces and urine
• Sputum
• Rooms / Operation theatre
1. Water :
• For Large scale water purification -
i) Storage
ii) Filtration : slow sand filter & rapid sand filter
iii) Disinfection : Chlorination (chlorine gas, chloramine,
perchloron), Ozonation, Membrane processes(reverse
osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration & nanofiltration)
• For small scale water purification –
- For household uses :
i) Boiling
ii) Chemical disinfection (Bleaching powder, chlorine solution,
HTH, chlorine tablets, iodine, potassium permanganate)
iii) Filtration
- For wells & water tanks :
i) Bleaching powder
ii) Chlorine solution, chlorine tablets
2. Blood & Body fluids :
- If spillage occur wipe up the spill as much as possible with
paper towel or other absorbent materials with wearing gloves
- 1 part bleach to 9 parts water onto all contaminated areas

3. Faeces or urine :
- Collected in an impervious vessels by adding equal amount
of ~ bleaching powder
~ crude phenol
~ cresol
~ formalin
4. Sputum :
Received in a paper gauze or handkerchiefs & destroy by
burning or autoclaving for 20 mins. at 20 lbs pressure
5. Room / Operation Theatre :

Chlorinated lime, Quaternary ammonia compound, phenol
Fumigation with 500ml of formaldehyde plus 1lt. Of water
per 30 cu. meters of space & boil in a vessel left for 6-12 hr
Disinfection Of Hospitals :
Disinfection Recommendation
Glutaraldehyde Fibroscopes & Respiratory equipments

Iodine compounds Antiseptic
Alcohol Hand disinfection
For endoscopes
Formaldehyde Fumigation
Phenol Surface disinfection
Quarterary ammonia Surface disinfection
componds Non critical items
Paracetic acid Fibroscopes
Chlorine Surface disinfection
For blood & body fluids spills
Hydrogen Fogging of operating room
peroxide Endoscopes
Sources : Juwarkar CS. Cleaning and Sterilisation of Anaesthesia equipments.

Indian J Anaesth.
Public Health Importance Of Disinfection :
• Disinfection helps for prevention of communicable diseases ;
- Water born diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, jaundice
- Faeco-oral diseases like hepatitis A and E, poliomyelitis
- Blood born diseases like Hepatitis B and C, HIV
- Droplet infection like Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Leprosy
- Infection spread due to contact like scabies, STDs, ring worm.

Disinfection For Public Uses :
Summary :
 Chemical agents, Physical agents used for destroy of
pathogens & disease causing organisms known as
Disinfection.
Agents : natural agents, physical agents, chemical agents

 A small step towards disinfection can prevent great
communicable diseases.
Bibliography :
 Park’s Textbook of PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE 25th Edition
 IAPSM’s Textbook of Community Medicine
 Google
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Disinfection And Types - An

Name : Babita Patnaik

 Factors affecting efficacy of disinfection

● Public health importance of disinfection

Disinfection helps to stop various communicable

Sterilisation is free from all viable microorganisms along

Sterilisation is an absolute condition while disinfection

1. Broad spectrum 7. Easy to use

● UV rays of sun light are ● Exposure to open air

•Temp. for hot water

a. Phenol / Carbolic Acid

b. Crude phenol - Mixture of phenol and cresol

● 5% for mopping of floor and cleaning drains

● 10% for disinfection of faeces

● Aq. sol of 0.2-1% Bacteriostatic

• 5 to 10% - Disinfection of faeces and urine

● Lysol contains 50-60% cresol

● 0.5% alcoholic or aq solution for

● Combination of cetavlon &

a. Chlorine and chlorine compounds -

● 1-3% kills most of the organisms

• liquid (sodium hypochlorites), solid

● Aq sol of 5.25-6.15% of sodium

iv) Alternative compounds-

i) Iodine solutions or tincture -

Ethyl alcohol & Isopropyl alcohol

Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde

● 2-3% for disinfection of rooms, OTs, walls

ii) Hydrogen peroxide –

iii) Paracetic acid - Produced by reacting

Silver, Iron & Copper

10-20% aq suspension : milk of

Heat sensitive articles sterilize

4. Luman length and lumen diameter

6. Devide design and construction

- 1 part bleach to 9 parts water onto all contaminated areas

5. Room / Operation Theatre :

Glutaraldehyde Fibroscopes & Respiratory equipments

Sources : Juwarkar CS. Cleaning and Sterilisation of Anaesthesia equipments.

• Disinfection helps for prevention of communicable diseases ;

- Water born diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, jaundice

- Faeco-oral diseases like hepatitis A and E, poliomyelitis

- Blood born diseases like Hepatitis B and C, HIV

- Droplet infection like Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Leprosy

- Infection spread due to contact like scabies, STDs, ring worm.

Agents : natural agents, physical agents, chemical agents

 IAPSM’s Textbook of Community Medicine

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