What is Penology?

-It is the study of punishment form crime or of

criminal offenders. It includes the study of control
and prevention of crime through punishment of
criminal offenders.
-The term is derived from the Latin word
“POENA” which means pain or suffering.
-It is usually a division of criminology that
deals with prison management and the treatment of
offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy
and practice of society in its effort to repress
criminal activities.
 What is Correction?
- A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned
with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.
- It is that field of criminal justice administration
which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the
government and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of
the offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.
-It is a generic term that includes all government
agencies, facilities, program, procedure, personnel, and
techniques concerned with the investigation, intake,
custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged
offenders
What is Correctional
Administration?

- It is the study and practice of a system

management of jails or prisons and other institution
concerned with the custody, treatment, and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF CORRECTION
Early Codes and Laws
 Code of Hammurabi
-The Code of Hammurabi is a well-
preserved Babylonian law code, dating back
to about 1772 BC. It is one of the oldest
deciphered writings of significant length in
the world.
-The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi,
enacted the code, and partial copies exist on
a human-sized stone stele and various clay
tablets.
-The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled
punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis) as graded
depending on social status, of slave versus
free man.
 Justinian Code
–

6th A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code

of law. An effort to match a desirable amount of
punishment to all possible crimes.
- However the law did not survive due to the fall of
the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western
legal codes.
 Burgundian Code
- Introduced the concept of restitution. An
offender had to pay specified value in order not to
undergo physical sufferings as penalty.
An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to
death penalty. But this is applied only to the
members of nobility and middle classes.
Death penalty awaits slaves who committed murder,
assaults on noble or middle class women, and sexual
relations with noble or middle class women, and
giving aid and comfort to escape offenders among
others.
Early Forms of Punishment in
Primitive Time
 Punishment

It is the redress that the state takes against an

offending member of society that usually involve
pain and suffering. It is also the imposed on an
offender for a crime or wrong doing.
 Blood Feuds
- Ancient culture developed
the idea of justice based on
vengeance, retribution and compensation.
When a crime is committed, the victim is expected to
dole out the justice with his own hands. Punishment
was carried out by the victim personally, along with
the help provided by ones family.
- The offender will seek refuge to his family and
friends; as a result of this system, blood feuds
developed.
 Iron Maiden
- is a box-like device with
the front half hinged like a door
so that a person could be placed
inside: when the door was shut,
protruding spikes both the back
and front entered the body of
the victim.
 The Rack
a kind of a
device that drags
apart the joints in
the feet and hands.
The Tower of London
- originally built as a fortress for
the defense of the city. This is a
famous symbol for such a cruel
punishment.
- It was there that even more
torturous contraption was
developed. Where the rack
stretched its victims, this machine
compressed the body of the
victims; it is more dreadful and
more complex than the rack. The
whole body is bent that some
blood exudes from the tips of the
hands and feet.
 The Pillory
It was a device made of a
wooden or metal
framework erected on a
post, with holes for
securing the head and
hands, formerly used for
punishment by public
humiliation and often
further physical abuse,
sometimes lethal
Branding
- Brand marks have also been used as a
punishment for convicted criminals,
combining physical punishment, as
burns are very painful, with public
humiliation (greatest if marked on a
normally visible part of the body)
which is here the more important
intention, and with the imposition of
an indelible criminal record.
- Robbers, like runaway slaves, were
marked by the Romans with the letter
F (fur); and the toilers in the mines,
and convicts condemned to figure in
gladiatorial shows, were branded on
the forehead for identification
 Banishment/Exile
Sending or putting away of an offender which war
carried out either by prohibition against coming into a
specified territory such as an island to where the
offender has been removed.
Physical Torture
– affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and
other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.
 Death: Capital Punishment
Death by Hanging
Death with Dissection
Asphyxiation or Strangulation
Boiling to Death
Burning
Crucifixion
Beheading
Drowning
Electrocution
Lethal Injection
Shooting
Starvation and Dehydration
Death Flights
Early Codes in the Philippines
 Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices
influenced laws during the Pre- Spanish Philippines.
There were also laws that were written which
includes:
*The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the
most extensive and severe law that prescribes
harsh punishment.
 The Philippine is one of the many countries
that came under the influence of the Roman Law.
History has shown that the Roman Empire reached
its greatest extent to most of continental Europe
such as Spain, Portugal, French and all the central
Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became
effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889,
the “Conquistadore” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The
Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by
the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain.
Basically these laws adopted the Roman Law
principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996).
Development of Prisons
 Mamertine Prison
– the only early Roman place of confinement which
is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C
 Bridewell
- a term for houses of corrections which were
used for locking up, employing and whipping
beggars, prostitutes and other misfits.
 Hospicio de San Michelle
- (Hospital of St. Michael) built by Pope
Clement XI in 1703 designed for incorrigible youths
under 20 years of age. The first home for delinquent
boys ever established.
 Hulks
- were abandoned and unusable ships, which
were converted into prisons as a means of relieving
prison congestion when transportation system was
abandoned in England.
 Panopticon Prison
- type of prison conceived by Bentham which
would consist of a large circular building of cast iron
and glass containing multi-tiered cells around the
periphery.
Walnut Street Prison Jail
- by Legislative Act, was turned into the first
American penitentiary, were the separate, silent
penitential philosophy of John Howard was introduced.
Originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia.
It was converted into a state prison and become the first
American Penitentiary.
 Auburn Prison Model
- among its features was the confinement of the
prisoners in single cell at night and congregate work in
shops during the daytime. A complete silence was strictly
enforced.
-The system was considered as the most effective
and advantageous because, it has been observed that the
prisoners can finish more articles
when they work together as a
rather than working alone in their
individual cells.
 Pennsylvania Prison Model
- this is the rival penitentiary system of the
Auburn. It features consisted a solitary confinement
of the prisoners in their own cell day and night where
they lived, slept, received religious instruction and
read the bible. Silence was also strictly observed.
 Alcatraz Prison
Alcatraz Island is located in the San Francisco
Bay, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from San Francisco,
California, United States.Often referred to as "The
Rock", the small island was developed with facilities
for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military
prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until
1963.
Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who
continuously caused trouble at other federal
prisons.
 Alcatraz Prison
During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held some of
the worst hoodlums America had ever known, such as Al
Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman of Alcatraz),
George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel
Miranda (a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who
attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954), Mickey
Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, James "Whitey" Bulger, and
Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than
any other inmate).
James Bennett
- Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who wrote about the
closing of Alcatraz Prison.
Fred T. Wilkinson
- The last Warden in Alcatraz Prison.
The Age of Enlightenment
(PERSONALITIES)
 18TH Century is a century of change. It is the
period of recognizing human dignity. It is the
movement of reformation.
The period of Introduction of certain reforms
in the correctional field by certain person, gradually
changing the old positive philosophy of punishment
to a more humane treatment of prisoners with
innovational programs.
 William Penn
(1614-1718)

*He fought for religious freedom

and individual rights.
*He is the first leader to prescribed Imprisonment
as correctional treatment for major offenders
*He is also responsible for the abolition of death
penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
Cesare Bonnesa, Marchese
de Beccaria (1737-1794)
*He wrote an essay entitled
“An Essay on Crimes and
Punishment”, the most
exiting essay on law during
this century. It presented
the humanistic goal of law.
 Jeremy Bentham (1746-1832)
*– the greatest leader in the reform
of English criminal Law. He believes
that whatever punishment designed
to negate whatever pleasure or
gain the criminal derives from
crime, the crime rate would go
down.
*Bentham was the one who derives
the ultimate PANOPTICAL PRISON a
prison that consists of a large
circular building multi cells around
the periphery. It was never built.
 John Howard
He was appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire,
England in 1773, after visiting hundreds of
Penal institutions, he wrote his book
“State of Prisons”-published in 1777. This volume detailed
horrors and made recommendations for their reform including:
a) Single cell for sleeping
b)Segregation of woman
c)Segregation of youth from other offenders
d)Provision of facilities for sanitation
e)Abolition of the fee system by which jailers obtained money
from prisoners of adequate salaries.
f) Casework methods,
g) Extensive use of parole, indeterminate sentence.
Alexander Macanochie
- as superintendent of the penal
colony at Norfolk island in Australia in
1840, he introduced a progressive
humane system to substitute for
corporal punishment, known as the
“Mark system” wherein a prisoner was
required to earn a number of marks
based on proper deportment, labor and
study in order to entitle him to a
ticket of leave or conditional release
which is similar to paroles.
 Zebulon R. Brockway
- he was the superintendent of
the Elmira Reformatory in New York
on 1876 who introduced a new
institutional program for boys, 16 to
30 years of age.
The Elmira reformatory is
considered forerunner of modern
penology because it had all the
elements of a modern system.
Penal System, Penal Management
and Correctional Administration
1. Classical School – maintenance to “ Doctrine of
Psychological Hedonism”, that the individuals
calculates pressure and pains in advance of action
and regulates his conduct by the results of his
calculations.
2. Neo- classical School – maintained that while the
classical doctrine was correct in general, it should
be modified in certain details, since children and
lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains, they
should not be regarded as criminal or be punished.
3. Positive School- denied individuals responsibility and
reflected as essentially non- punitive reaction to crime and
criminality. Since the criminal was held to be not responsible
for his acts. He must not be punished,. The adherence of this
school maintained that a crime, as any other act, is a natural
phenomenon.
Three “ Revolution” in the
History of Correction
*Age of Reformation - replaced corporal punishment
and physical disfigurement with the penitentiary.
*Age of Rehabilitation- because criminals were
assumed as handicapped suffering from mental or
emotional deficiencies individual should undergo
therapy in healing these personal maladjustment.
*Age of Reintegration- society becomes the “ patient”
as well as the offender. Emphasis is placed on the
pressure exerted on the offender by the social groups
to which he belongs and on the society, which
regulates his opportunities to achieve his goals.
 Justification on Theories of
Punishment
*Retribution- exact by the state whose laws violated.
*Expiation or Atonement – in the form of group vengeance,
as distinguished from retribution where the purpose is to
appease the public or the group.
*Deterrence or Exemplary- punishment gives lessons to the
offender by showing to other what would happen to them if
they violate the law.
*Protection – by placing offenders in prison, society is
protected from further criminal depredations of criminals.
*Reformation- Society’s interest can be better served by
helping the prison become a law abiding citizen and
productive upon his release to undergo an intensive
program or rehabilitation in prison.
 Different Juridical Conditions
of Penalty
*Must be productive of suffering, without however
affecting the integrity of the human personality.
*Must be commensurate with the offense – different
crimes must be punished with different penalties
(See Art. 25 RPC.)
*Must be personal –no proxy
*Must be legal – the consequences must be in
accordance with law
*Must be equal for all persons
*Must be certain- no one may escapes
*Must be correctional
PRISONS and Penal Farm
in the Philippines
 What is a Prison?
The word prison was found its root from the Greco
Roman word Presidio from the word “pre” means before
and “sidio” means inside. The coined term presidio is
synonymous to a Fence, cave and or dungeon.
*A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment
(incarceration) of persons convicted of major/serious
crimes.
*A building, usually with cells, or other places established
for the purpose of taking safe custody or confinement of
criminals
*A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted
or offenses against the laws of the land.
 Bureau of Corrections
*The Bureau of Prisons was created by virtue of Re-
organization Act of 1905 the Act no. 1407 dated November
1, 1905, but was renamed as the Bureau of Corrections
(BuCor) under the Department of Justice by virtue of
Administrative Code of 1987 issued on November 23, 1989
and Proclamation no. 495 of the President of the
Philippines.
*The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and
control of all national prisons or penitentiaries.
*It is charged with the safekeeping of all insular Prisoners
confined therein or committed to the custody of the
Bureau.
 Old Bilibid Prison
- the first penal; institution that
was constructed in 1847 for the
purpose being the central place of
confinement for the Filipino prisoners.
It is pursuant to section 1708 of the
Revised Administrative code.

In 1936, the city of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property

with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for
boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now
being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “May
Halique Estate” is affected by placing offenders in prison so
that society will be ensured from further criminal
deprecations of criminals.
 San Ramon Prison
and Penal Farm
- established on August 21,
1869 by virtue of Royal Decree
in 1865 located at Zamboanga
City to confine Muslim rebels
and political prisoners opposed
to the Spanish rule.
It was destroyed during Spanish-American war, was re-
established in 1907 but it was in January 1, 1915 when it
was placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons
and started receiving prisoners in Mindanao.
 New Bilibid Prison
- it was constructed on 1936. A
national prison with 552 hectare
lot in Muntinlupa, Rizal.

*New Bilibid Prisons (Main

Building)
*Camp Sampaguita
*Camp Bukang Liwayway
Iwahig Penal Colony
- located at Puerto
Princesa Palawan.
Originally established to
house incorrigibles or
those prisoners beyond
reform.
This institution has no walls and is considered as
one of the best open institutions in the world. It sits
on a 36,000 hectare lot and divided into four
colonies namely: Sta. Lucia, Inawagan, Montible and
Central Sub-colony.
 Correctional Institution for
Women
- it is the only penal institution for women and
was established on November 27, 1929 in an 18
hectare lot located in Mandaluyong, Rizal by virtue
of Act no. 3579 to be intended for the confinement
of women convicts.
Davao Penal Colony
- founded by General
Paulino Santos. DAPECOL
was established on January
21, 1932 in compliance with
Act 3732 and proclamation
414 series of 1931
The colony is divided into two sub-colonies
namely the Panabo and Kapalong sub-
colony.
Sablayan Penal Colony Farm

- built on September 26, 1954 through the

proclamation no 72. The Sablayan Penal Colony was
constructed in a 16, 000 hectare lot located in
Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.
 Leyte Regional Prison
- Constructed in Abuyog, Leyte. It was
established on January 16, 1973 through
Proclamation no. 1101 to confine prisoners from
Visayas.
 Who is a Prisoner?
* A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of
lawful authority.
*A person, who by reason of his criminal sentence or
by a decision issued by a court, may be deprived of
his liberty or freedom.
*A prisoner is any person detained/ confined in jail
or prison for the commission of a criminal offense
or convicted and serving in a penal institution.
*A person committed to jail or prison by a
competent authority for any of the following
reasons; to serve a sentence after conviction, trial,
and investigation.
 Classification of Prisoners
Three (3) General Classification of Prisoner
*Detention Prisoners- persons committed for
investigation or trial.
*Sentenced prisoners- persons committed to jails
or by prison to serve sentence after final
conviction by a competent court for the
commission of a crime.
*Prisoners for Safekeeping – includes non-criminal
who are detained in order to protect the
community against their harmful behavior or to
protect them for any danger.
 Jail

It is the institution for the confinement of persons who

are awaiting final disposition of their criminal cases and also
for the service of those convicted and punished with shorter
sentences, usually up to 3 years.
It is a place for locking-up of persons who are
convicted of minor offenses or felonies who are to serve a
short sentences imposed upon them by a competent court,
or for confinement of persons who are awaiting trial or
investigation of their cases.
The term jail is derived from the Spanish word, ‘jaulo”
which means cage.
 Types of Jail
*Lock-up Jails – is a security facility, common to
police stations, used for temporary confinement of
individual held for investigation.
*Ordinary Jails – is the type of jails commonly used
to detain convicted criminal offenders who serve
less than three years.
*Workhouse, Jail Farms or Camp – a facility that
houses minimum custody offenders who are serving
short sentences or those who are undergoing
constructive work programs. It provides full
employment of prisoners, remedial services and
constructive leisure time activities.
 Provincial Jails
Provincial jails in the Philippines are not under the
jurisdiction of the Bureau of Corrections. They are
managed and controlled by the provincial
government.
 Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP)
The BJMP exercises supervision and control
over the cities and municipal jails throughout the
country. The enactment Republic Act No. 6975
created the BJMP. It operates as a line bureau under
the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG).
 Rank Classification of the BJMP:

RANK POSITION/TITLE APPOINITNG AUTHORITY

* Director Chief of the BJMP Secretary of DILG
* Chief Superintendent. Deputy C/BJMP Same
* Senior Superintendent Asst. Regional Dir. Same
* Superintendent. Asst. Regional Dir. Same
* Chief Inspector Warden Under Secretary
* Senior Inspector Warden Same
* Inspector Warden Same
* SJO 4 to JO1 Jail Guards Chief of the BJMP
Reception and
Diagnostic Center
Admission, Registration and Confinement
 Reception and Diagnostic
Center
RDC can be found in The Bilibid prison and all
penal farms. Inmates accepted by the RDC will be
studied and classified, the purpose of which is the
formulation of an individualized treatment program
designed to achieve the most successful
rehabilitation for 60 days.
Sentenced prisoners slapped with the death
penalty are not eligible for admission and
classification at the RDC. The Supreme Court brings
them directly to the death row where they will
await automatic review of their case.
The RDC is Divided into two parts:

*Quarantine period
*Psychiatric, Sociological, Psychological,
Educational, Vocational, and Religious Examination
 Quarantine Period

*Upon admission, the inmate will be put in

quarantine in a designated cell at the RDC for a
period of five days during which he shall be
administered the physical and mental examination
to determine fitness.
*Those found to have infectious diseases and if sick,
are brought to the New Bilibid prison hospital for
medical treatment.
 Psychiatric, Sociological, Psychological,
Educational, Vocational, and Religious Examination

*After the quarantine period, the inmate shall

remain in the Reception and Diagnostic Center for
the period of fifty five (55) days where shall
undergo psychiatric, psychological, sociological,
vocational, educational, religious and other
examination.
*The result of the said examination shall be the
basis for the inmate individualize treatment
program.
 Clampdown

*After registration, the inmate shall be taken a mug

shot, front and side view, fingerprinted and
assigned a permanent prison number.
*The inmate shall be given a prescribed haircut, the
beards and mustache shall be shaved of.
 Shakedown
*Body search of every inmates personal effects is
required. Upon admission the inmate shall be
searched thoroughly.

CONFISCATION of CONTRABAND ITEMS

Any item or article in which an inmate is not
allowed to possess under prison rule shall be
considered as contraband items and subject for
confiscation.
Diversification and
Classification
 Diversification
*-is an administrative device of correctional
institution of providing varied and flexible types of
physical plants for the more effective control of
the treatment programs of its diversified
population.

*The principle of separating homogeneous type of

prisoners that requires special treatment and
custody
 Classification
*The process of determining the needs and
requirement of the prisoners for assigning them to
programs according to their existing resources .

*It is the assigning or grouping of offenders

according to their sentence, gender, age,
nationality, health, criminal record,
 Application to View the Remain of
the Deceased Relative.
- A minimum or medium security inmates may; upon
written application be allowed by the
Superintendent to view the remains of the following
relatives:
1. Wife or Husband
2. Child
3. Brother and Sister
4. Father / Mother
5. Grandchildren.
Duration of Privileges – Inmate maybe allowed more
or less three (3) hours to view the deceased relative
in the place where the remains lie in state but shall
not be allowed to pass any other place in transit or
to join funeral cortege.

Distance of Travel – the privilege may be enjoyed

only if the deceased relative in in place within the
radius of thirty (30) kilometers; the privilege maybe
extended if the inmates can leave and return to his
place during daytime of the same date.
Time Allowance for Good
Conduct and Loyalty
Who may grant Good Conduct Time
Allowance?
-The Director may grant to an inmate who displays
behavior and who has no record or breach and
discipline or violation of prison and regulations.

GCTA of an inmate sentenced to life shall not be

granted while sentence is on appeal.
GCTA once granted shall not be revoked with just
cause.
GCTA - PERIOD OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE IN
JAIL/PRISON WITH GOOD BEHAVIOR

*1st to 2nd year----------------------------------- 5 days

per month
*3rd to 5th year ---------------------------------- 8 days
per month
*6th to 10th years ------------------------------- 10 days
per month
*11th year and above -------------------------- 15 days
per month
THANK YOU…
I AM
NUMBER

EIGHT