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    Egoism and Natural Law

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    Ace Ace
    Thomas Aquinas argues that natural law is based on humanity's natural inclinations, which he divides into three categories: 1) Inclinations common to all substances, like self-preservation. 2) Inclinations common to other animals, like sexual intercourse and childrearing. 3) Uniquely human inclinations, like seeking truth and living in society. Aquinas believes these inclinations are apprehended as rational principles directing one towards good and away from evil, forming the precepts of natural law.

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    Egoism and Natural Law

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    Ace Ace
    60 views31 pages
    Thomas Aquinas argues that natural law is based on humanity's natural inclinations, which he divides into three categories: 1) Inclinations common to all substances, like self-preservation. 2) Inclinations common to other animals, like sexual intercourse and childrearing. 3) Uniquely human inclinations, like seeking truth and living in society. Aquinas believes these inclinations are apprehended as rational principles directing one towards good and away from evil, forming the precepts of natural law.

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    Egoism and Natural law

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    Thomas Aquinas argues that natural law is based on humanity's natural inclinations, which he divides into three categories: 1) Inclinations common to all substances, like self-preservation. 2) Inclinations common to other animals, like sexual intercourse and childrearing. 3) Uniquely human inclinations, like seeking truth and living in society. Aquinas believes these inclinations are apprehended as rational principles directing one towards good and away from evil, forming the precepts of natural law.

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    60 views31 pages

    Egoism and Natural Law

    Uploaded by

    Ace Ace
    Thomas Aquinas argues that natural law is based on humanity's natural inclinations, which he divides into three categories: 1) Inclinations common to all substances, like self-preservation. 2) Inclinations common to other animals, like sexual intercourse and childrearing. 3) Uniquely human inclinations, like seeking truth and living in society. Aquinas believes these inclinations are apprehended as rational principles directing one towards good and away from evil, forming the precepts of natural law.

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    NATURAL LAW

    Chapter 3
    Objectives
     Recognize how Thomas Aquinas made use of
    ancient Greek concepts to provide a rational
    grounding to an ethical theory based on the
    Christian faith.
     Identify the natural law in distinction from, but
    also in relation to, the other types of law
    mentioned by Aquinas: Eternal Law, Human
    Law, and Divine Law; and
     Apply the precepts of the natural law to
    contemporary moral concerns.
    Natural
     Existing
    in or caused by nature; not made
    or caused by humankind.
    Unnatural
     Contrary
    to the ordinary course of nature;
    abnormal.
    CREATION OF MAN
    Thomas Aquinas
     Hailed as a doctor of the Roman Catholic
    Church
     Dominican Friar who was the preeminent
    intellectual figure of the scholastic period of
    the Middle Ages, contributing to the doctrine
    of the faith more than any other figure of his
    time.
     Summa Theologiae, his magnum opus, a
    voluminous work that comprehensively
    discusses many significant points in Christian
    theology.
    The Context of Aquinas’ Ethics
     Individual’s pursuit of happiness
     Directing actions toward specific ends.
     Exploring how emotions –”the passions” – are
    involved in the process requiring a proper order if
    they are to properly contribute to a good life.
     Relating actions to certain dispositions “habits” in a
    dynamic way since our actions both arise from our
    habits and at the same time reinforce them.
     Developing good or bad habits.
     good disposition leading us toward making moral
    choices, thereby contributing to our moral virtue, and
     bad disposition inclining us toward making immoral
    choices, bringing us to vice.
     According to Aquinas:
     There is within us a conscience that directs
    our moral thinking. (does not include
    intuition or gut feeling)
     There is a sense of right and wrong in us that
    we are obliged to obey.
     This sense of right and wrong must be
    informed, guided and ultimately grounded
    in an objective basis for morality.
    IMAGES TO REFLECT
    The Greek Heritage
    Neoplatonic Good
     God creates.
    The Republic
     Written by Plato
     Perfect Society
     Guardians
     Auxiliaries
     Producers
     The idea of “good”
     A good which is prior to all being and is even the cause
    of all being- will become a source of fascination and
    inspiration to later thinkers even to this day.
     Good is the source of all beings, becomes identified with
    the One and the Beautiful.
     The ultimate reality, which is the oneness that will give
    rise to the multiplicity of everything else in the cosmos.
    Aristotelian Being and
    Becoming
     Four causes of being:
     Material
     Formal
     Efficient
     Final
     Principles to describing a being:
     Potency
     act
    The Essence and Varieties of
    Law
     Essence
     Human’s free will.
     Human’s actions are directed toward attaining
    ends or goods that we desire.
     Law
     The determination of the proper measure of our
    acts.
     Promulgation
     Rules or laws communicated to the people
    involved in order to enforce them and to better
    ensure compliance.
    Eternal Law
     The assertion that the divine wisdom that
    directs each being toward its proper end.
     Refers to what God wills for creation, how
    each participant in it is intended to return
    to Him.
     Recognition individual must do:
     We are part of the eternal law
     We participate in it in a special way.
    Natural Law
     The natural inclination to eternal reason
    (eternal law) proper act and end
    (participation of the eternal law) in the
    rational creature.
    Human Law
     All
    instances wherein human beings
    construct and enforce laws in their
    communities.
    Divine Law
     Instances where human have precepts or
    instructions that come from divine
    revelation.
     Laws from sacred scriptures.
    According to Aquinas
     “sothen no one can know the eternal
    law, as it is in itself, except the blessed
    who see God in His essence. But every
    rational creature knows it in its reflection,
    greater or less… Now all men know the
    truth to a certain extent, at least as to the
    common principles of the natural law…”
    The Natural Law
    Summa Theologiae 1-2, Question 94, Article 2
    Thoman Aquinas

    Since, however, good has the nature of an end, and


    evil, the nature of a contrary, hence it is that all those things to
    which man has natural inclination, are naturally apprehended
    by reason as being good, and consequently as objects of
    pursuit, and their contraries as evil, and objects of avoidance.
    Wherefore according to the order of natural inclinations, is the
    order of the precepts of the natural law. Because in man
    there is first of all an inclination to good in accordance with
    the nature which he has in common with all substances:
    inasmuch as every substance seeks the preservation of its own
    being, according to its nature: an by reason of this inclination,
    whatever is a means of preserving human life, and of warding
    off its obstacles, belongs to the natural law. Secondly, there is
    in man an inclination to things that pertain to him more
    specially, according to that nature which he has in common
    with other animals: and in virtue of this inclination, those
    Things are said to belong to the natural law, “which nature
    has taught to all animals,” such as sexual intercourse,
    education of offspring and so forth. Thirdly, there is in man an
    inclination to good, according to the nature of his reason,
    which nature is proper to him: thus man has a natural
    inclination to know the truth about God, and to live in
    society: and in this respect, whatever pertains to this
    inclination belongs to the natural law; for instance, to shun
    ignorance, to avoid offending those among whom one has
    to live, and other such things regarding the above
    inclination.
    Inclinations
     In common with other beings
     In common with other animals
     Uniquely human

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