Chapter 2 Limits and Fits of Plain

Workpiece (Lecture 3)

航空航天工程学部
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering
孟庆实
Prof Meng Qingshi
Standard tolerance series

 The tolerance values are relevant to two

factors: tolerance grades and nominal
sizes.
1. Standard tolerance grades:IT （ ISO and GB
Tolerance ）：
20 standard tolerance grades in the size
range from 0 to 500mm ， IT01 ， IT0 ， IT1,…
IT18 ；
Among them, IT01 possesses the highest
precision and the least tolerance.
2. Basic size:
For convenience, the standard tolerances and
fundamental deviations are not calculated
individually for each separate basic size.
Standard tolerance series
 IT=f(grade,D) standard tolerance factor: I and i

IT5~IT18:
IT=a*i D≤500 i  0.45 3
D  0.001D(  m)
IT=a*I D ＞ 500~3150 I  0.004 D  2.1(  m)
2.2.1 标准公差系
Table 2-4

列
 Q: φ25, IT6 and IT7?

 Answer:
Series of fundamental deviation
 Fundamental deviation: it is the upper or
lower deviation used to determine the relative
position between the tolerance zone and zero
line.
line
 Symbols and characteristics of fundamental
deviation ： 28 fundamental deviations in total.
To avoid the confusion, I 、 L 、 O 、 Q and Ware
not used. And some deviations use double
letters （ CD 、 EF 、 FG 、 JS 、 ZA 、 ZB 、 ZC.
Characteristics of fundamental deviation of shaft

zc

t
js r s
h p
g n
f fg m
ef j k
e
d
cd
c
b
a  a~g:tolerance zones: below the zero line. The fundamental deviations are upper deviations, es(-)

h: the tolerance zones: below zero line. The fundamental deviation
is upper deviation, es=0, shaft basis system
js:zone is symmetry about the zero line ， The fundamental
deviation is upper deviation or lower deviation.
j~zc: the fundamental deviations are lower deviation.
Characteristics of fundamental deviation of hole

A
B
C
C
D D E JS
J K
E F M N
F
F P R
G G H S T
U
V X
Y
Z
ZA
ZB
ZC
A ～ G:lower deviation above 0 line, EI(+)
H:EI=0 hole basis system ， lower deviation
JS:zone is symmetry about the zero line,lower deviation
or upper deviation
J ～ ZC:upper deviation, ES
Hole basis fit system ：
zc
p
+ m n
ES

0 k H
js j
- h
Nominal size

Interference
Clearance Transition
a

 a  h：Clearance

H —  j  n：Transition
Hole basis fit system ：
 p  zc：Interference

Shaft basis fit system ：

Clearance Transition Interference

A
+ H
0 JS J K 0
- h M N ei

P
ZC

 A  H：间隙配合
Clearance

Shaft basis fit system ： h —  JS  N：过渡配合
Transition
 P  ZC：过盈配合
Interference
Symbols
 A fit requirement: (1) common nominal size (2) the
tolerance class symbol for the hole (3) the tolerance
class symbol for the shaft
Hole tolerance
P7
Φ30H7/f6 ， Φ40 。
h6 Shaft
tolerance
Calculation
1 ） Standard tolerance:
Table 2-4 Numerical values of standard tolerances ；
2 ） Standard deviation:
Tables 2-5 and 2-6 Numerical values of the
fundamental deviation of Shaft and hole

 EI=ES-IT ES=EI+IT
 ei=es-IT es=ei+IT
 Q: φ25H7; φ25p6; φ25K7; φ30h6

Upper and lower deviations?

 Hole basis φ16H7/f6 － >φ16F7/h6 Shaft basis

Table 2-4:IT7=18,IT6=11 EI=-es

Table 2-6:es=-16 +34

F7
+18 +16
+ H7
0 0 0
－ h6
-16
-11
φ16

f6 X'max=+45,X'min=+16
-27
Xmax=+45,Xmin=+16
 Hole basis φ16H8/p8 － >φ16P8/h8 Shaft basis

+45

p8
： ES=-ei
+27 +18
H8
+
0
0 0
－
h8
Xmax=+9,Ymax=-45 -27 -18
φ16

P8
-45

X'max=+9,Y'max=-45
 Hole basis φ16H7/p6 － >φ16P7/h6 Shaft basis

ES=-ei+Δ
+29 Δ=IT7-IT6

+18
p6
+18
+ H7
0 0 0
－
h6 -11
-11
-18
φ16

Ymax=-29,Ymin=0 P7
P7 -29
-36

Y'max=-29,Y'min=0
General, common and preferred tolerance zones for hole
General, common and prefered tolerance zones for shaft
Common and preferred fits for hole basis system
Common and preferred fits for shaft basis system
Question

e.g. ： Ø 25H7/p6 ， Ø 25P7/h6 deviation and

limits 。
解： Table 2-4 Ts=IT6=13μm,Th=IT7=21μm
Table 2-5, p:deviation: ei=+22μm,
So,es=ei+Ts=ei+IT6=+35μm
H7 EI=0 ， ES=EI+Th= +21μm
Table 2-6,P7
ES ＝ -22+8 ＝ -14μm ；
EI ＝ ES-Th ＝ -14-21 ＝ -35μm
H6, es ＝ 0 ，
ei ＝ es-Ts=0-IT6 ＝ -13μm
 +0.021 -0.020
例： hole basis fit 25H7
0 （ ）
/f6(
-0.033
) ，试计算同名代号基轴制配合 25F7/h6 中的孔
和轴的极限偏差。
Answer:
25F7 EI=  e i = 0.020;
25H7( +0.021
0
) 即 IT7=0.021
+ 0.041
ES=EI+IT7=0.020+0.021=0.041 25F7( +0. 020
) -0.020
-0.033
25f6( ), IT6 = | － 0.033 ( － 0.020) |
=0.013
 25h6: e 0s = 0
e-0.013
i = e s –IT6 =0 0.013= 0.013
 25h6( )
Answer: 25H7/f6
 Selection of basic system of
fit
• Two systems: hole-basis and shaft-basis
• Selection ： the machinery structure,
assembly process and the economy should be
considered 。
• Hole-basis ： Preferred, reduce the numbers
and specifications of specified value
cutting and measurement tools.
 Selection of basic system of
fit
• Shaft-basis system: is more economical and
reasonable used for some special cases
• 1. Shaft directly used cold drawn steel
with certain accuracy. No need to cut.
• 2. According to the structure
requirements, sometimes a shaft is mounted
with several holes and the fit properties
are different. Piston pin
• 3. standard workpiece
• 4. Non-basis system of fit
 Piston G7
+ m6 m6
H7
+
0
_ 0
_ h6
M7 M7
g6
Transition

D
D

Clearance Shaft
 Calculation

Q: Hole basis system ， φ16mm ， Xmax=+

12 μm ， Ymax=-20μm ， Fundamental
deviation of shaft is lower deviation.Please
confirm the symbol.
Answer:[Xmax]=+12um,[Ymax]=-20um.
1) [Tf] ＝ |[Xmax]-[Ymax]|=32 μm
2) Tf ＝ Th+Ts ，
〔 Tf 〕 /2=16 μm Th and Ts should
around 16 Check table: IT6 ＝ 11 μm ， IT7 ＝ 18μm 。按工艺
等 hold should be IT7 ， shaft should be IT6 ， hole should be
H7 。
3) 确定轴的公差代号：基孔制过渡配合，轴的基本偏差为下偏差，
由 [Xmax]=ES-[ei] ，可得
Check table 基本偏差接近[ei] ＝ 6 μm, so the fundamental
ES-[Xmax]=+6 μm
deviation: m. ei ＝ +7μm ， so, m6 ，

es ＝ ei+it6 ＝ +18μm ，
φ16H7/m6
Q:Hole basis:φ40mm ， Clearance fit
range +75 ～ +210 μm ， Confirm
解
tolerance
： Xmax=+210symbel 。
μm, Xmin=+75 μm
1)Tx ＝ |Xmax-Xmin|=135 μm
2)Tx ＝ Th+Ts ， Tx/2=67.5 μm
check table ： IT9 ＝ 62 μm ， IT10=100, IT8=39
so should be H9 。
3)Clearance fit EI=0
Xmin=EI-es=-es ， es ＝ -Xmin=-75 μm
check table deviation close to -75 μm the
symbol should be d ， es ＝ -80μm ， if it is d9 ， so
ei ＝ es-it9 ＝ -142μm ，

Xmin=EI-es=+80μm>[Xmin] ，
Xmax=ES-ei ＝ +204<[Xmax] ， So the answer
should be ： φ40H9/d9