Arranged by :

Hasmi Syahputra Harahap

Meti Agustina Butarbutar
Sukmawati Sundari Siregar
Winny Sunfriska L
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
To get the normal development , it must pass the growth
process and differentiation.
There are two regulation , so the development can work
with matching.
1. Genetic : Determine the ability that is taken from
organism
2. Epigenetic : Guarantee the formation of Primordia that
will become a defentif organ .In this regulation, a complex
mechanisms units takes place simultaneously or occur in
the same time.
 Epigenetic
 There are some process that include in this regulation,
namely :
1. Regulation
Regulation is the process to forms again become intact.
Actually , in the first development of a system , has an
ability to know whether there is a parts that still in intact
condition. If one part is loose , the loose will be known
and the correction will occurs . If this occurs before the
structure is differentiated , so the formation of loose
parts is called as regulation.
 Cont..
Actually , the regulation is the basic that makes the
identical twin. In mammals , include human , twin is a
result of embryo separation in the firs development stage.
Each of the embryo is able to change the loose parts
and forms a normal individual.
But sometimes the separation process from both embryo is
not perfect so it will produce a close twin.
 Twin

Twins are a rare, but useful resource when it comes to

molecular biology.  They can provide useful information
about genetics versus environment that can be applied to
many different aspects of life. 

Actually , there are two different kinds of twins; identical

and fraternal. 
 Cont….
1. Identical twins
mono = single, zygotic = fertilized egg

come from one egg which is fertilized by one sperm.  That

single fertilized egg, or zygote, then splits into two
separate identical embryos which continue to grow.  If the
fertilized egg splits more than once triplets, quadruplets,
quintuplets etc. If the egg does not split at all then
conjoined twins may be the result. 
They are also known as Identical twins because they are remarkably similar.
 Cont…
2.Fraternal twins

come from two separate eggs that are ovulated at the same
time.  In this case the two eggs are fertilized by two
different sperm.  Fraternal twins are just like an ordinary
brother and sister, except that they are born at the same
time.  They have a different genetic makeup and tend to
be very independent of each other.
Comparison
 Cont ..
2. Movement of cell

For examples : The morphogenetic in gastrulation. There

are some morphogenetic movement that can be founded in
the first development of embryo.
 Movement of cell
2.1 Invagination and evagination
During invagination, an epithelial sheet bends inward to
form an in pocketing. One way to think of this in three
dimensions is to imagine that you are poking a partially
deflated beach ball inward with your finger. The resulting
bulge or tube is an invagination. If the apical side of the
epithelium forms the lumen (central empty space) of the
tube, then the movement is termed invagination. If the
lumen is formed by basal surfaces, then the movement is
termed an evagination.
 Cont…
2.2. Involution

During involution, a tissue sheet rolls inward to form an

underlying layer via bulk movement of tissue. One helpful
image here is of a tank tread or conveyor belt. As material
moves in from the edges of the sheet, material originally
at the sites of inward rolling (shown in blue here) is free to
move further up underneath the exterior tissue.
 Cont..
2.3. Ingression
During ingression, cells leave an epithelial sheet by
transforming from well-behaved epithelial cells into freely
migrating mesenchyme cells. To do so, they must
presumably alter their cellular architecture, alter their
program of motility, and alter their adhesive relationships.
to the surrounding cells. Neural crest are an example of a
mesenchymal cell type that emigrates out of an
epithelium.
 Cont ..
2.3. Epiboly
During epiboly, a sheet of cells spreads by thinning. i.e.,
the sheet thins, while its overall surface area increases in
the other two directions. Epiboly can involve a monolayer
(i.e. a sheet of cells one cell layer thick), in which case the
individual cells must undergo a change in shape. In other
cases, however, a sheet that has several cell layer can thin
by changes in position of its cells. In this case, epiboly
occurs via intercalation, one of the other movements
described on this page.
 Cont..
2.4Convergent Extension

During convergent extension, two or more rows of cells

intercalate, but the intercalation is highly directional. Cells
converge by intercalating perpendicular to the axis of
extension, resulting in the overall extension of the tissue
in a preferred direction. If we had a way to label cells
from rows on either side of the axis of extension, they
would be found to mix with one another as a result of
these oriented intercalation events.
 Cont..
2.5. Intercalation
During intercalation, two or more rows of cells move
between one another, creating an array of cells that is
longer (in one or more dimensions) but thinner. The
overall change in shape of the tissue results from cell
rearrangement. Intercalation can be a powerful means of
expanding a tissue sheet. A specialized form of
intercalation is convergent extension, which is described
on the next slide.
3. Differentiation
This is the change that occurs in cell or tissue in
development process so it has a special structural and
functional .
This process occurs when the formation of 3 germs
layers include ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm.
In embryogenesis process , there are some formation of
organs that each of it consist of some combination and
arrangement of tissue. And every tissue consist of kinds
of cell that differs with the others cell.
For example : Skeletal cell is not same with the liver
cell, and so on.
 Cont ..

If one cell or tissue can differentiate perfectly so it will

not change become the others cell type.
It can be said that differentiation condition is relatively
stabile along the condition does not change.
 Cont ..
4. Induction
Induction means the interaction between the group of cell
that influence each others.
5. And regretion and cell death.
this process can be seen in the notochord that almost all is
exhausted after it is formed the vertebrate body.
ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
 Malformation that can occur in three ways :
1. Influence of dangerous materials from outer
environment along the first development
2. Continuation the genetic abnormalities from the
oldest.
3. Aberration of chromosome in one gamete or occur
in the first division.
 Dangerous Outer Environment
Actually , although the embryo is covered or protected but
it still sensitive with the outer environment that is called
as teratogenic.Teratogenic is a substances that makes
malformation (i.e. synthetic chemical materials). It can
happen in human or animals too.

Some factors that makes the malformation can be divided

become five :
1. Fisis factor
i.e. Radiation, Light X
 Cont …
2. Chemical factors
i.e. Heavy metal (Hg), anti tumor,etc.
3. Nutrition
i.e. Vitamin.
4. Hormonal factor
i.e. Androgen
5. Communicable disease
i.e. Virus
 There are some kinds of
organisms sensitive forward to
teratogenic
Developmental stadium
Before implementation, that causes the death or
destroying and after the implementation and along the
active morphogenesis period.
Species
Not all the teratogenic substances is also teratogenic too
for the others species and the percent of malformation
in every species also differs.
 Continuation the genetic abnormalities
from the oldest.

There is a different arrangement in chromosome in

gamesotogenesis process.
When fertilization process, zygote that comes fro this
gametes has abnormal cariotype that will be continued to
embryo.
Abnormality can occur in sex chromosome and autosom
Disorder abnormality in Human
Fokomelis

Selosomi

Krinorakissis
Disorder abnormality in Animal
Selosomi

Kraniorakisis

Fokomelia

Etc.
Questions